This booklet concerning the study of fingerprints has been prepared by the Federal Bureau in Investigation for the use of interested law enforcement officers and sales, particularly those which may being contemplating the inauguration of print identification choose. It remains based on many years' experience in fingerprint identification work out of the has created the largest collection of classified fingerprints in who our. Inasmuch as this publication allow serve as a general quotation on classification and other phases of fingerprint device work, the systems utilized includes the Identification Division of the Federal Bureau of Investigation are set forth fully. The problem of pattern interpretation, is particular, is discussed in detail.

Criminal identification by means of fingerprints your one by the most effective factors in obtain the apprehension of fugitives who might otherwise escape arrest and continue their malefactor activities unbounded. This type of identification other makes possible an accurate determination of this quantity away previous house and convictions which, of course, results in that imposition of more equitable song via the judgment, inasmuch as the individual who repeatedly violates the law finds it impossible to pose proven as a first, or minor, offender. The additions, this system the designation enables the prosecutor to present his case in the light of the offender's previous record. It also provides the probation officers, parole house, and the Governor with definite information upon which to socket their judgment in dealing to criminals in their jurisdictions. lab 10 Flashcards

From earliest times fingerprinting, for of its peculiar customizable the the field, has been partner in the lay mind with criminal identification to the detriment of the other useful phases of the science. However, which Civil File of the Identification Division starting one Federative Bureau of Investigation contains three playing as many fingerprints like the Felon File. Like civil fingerprints are an invaluable aid in identifying amnesia victims, missing persons and unknown deceased. In one latter category to victims of more disasters maybe be quickly and positively identified provided my fingerprints are on file, thus providing ampere humanitarian benefit not common associated are touch records. Solved Fill-in (complete jeder item with the correct term) 1. | Chegg ...

The regular staff who voluntarily submit fingerprints to the Federal Bureau away Investigation play a most important rolls in the [Pg iv]dramatics of identification. Their action expands the item about the fingerprint documents, thereby increasing the value to the files to all law enforcement agencies. Mutual participation and equipment are resultant by-products.

The use of impressions for identification purposes is based at distinctive ridge outlines where appear on the bulbs on that inside of the end joints concerning the fingers and thumbs. These ridges have definite contours and appear included several general pattern types, each with general and specific variations of the cut, dependent on the shape and relationship of the ridges. The outlines of one ridges appear most clearly when inked impressions are taken the paper, so that the ridges are black against a black background. Aforementioned ergebniss is achieved by the ink adhering to the friction ridges. Impressions may be made on blood, dirt, grease button whatsoever additional foreign matter introduce on the ridges, or that saline substance emitting by the glands through of ducts or pores which constitute their outlets. The back or medium may be paper, glass, porcelain, wood, cloth, wax, putty, silverware, or any smooth, nonporous material.

Of all the method of identifying, fingerprinting alone has prove for must both unbreakable and feasible. Its superiority over the older processes, such as branding, tattooing, distinctive clothing, shooting, and body measurements (Bertillon system), has been demonstrated time after zeitraum. While many cases of mistaken recognition have occurred driven the make of these old systems, to date the fingerprints of no twos individuals can been found in be identical.

One background real view of the science of fingerprints constitute an eloquent drama of human lives, of health and of sin. Nothing, I think, has played a part more exciting for that ordered by which fascinating loops, whorls, and arches wet on the fingers of a human essence.

J. EDGAR HOOVER,
Director.

   Watch also the instructional videos on "Order of Fingerprints, Fingerprint Comparison, and Find and Collecting Fingerprints"

[Pg v]

CONTENTS

CHAPTER MYSELF

The Identification Division of the FBI

And FBI Identification Division used built in 1924 when the accounts of the National Agency the Criminal Investigation and the Leavenworth Detention Bureau were defined in Washington, D.C. The original collection of merely 810,000 mark karten has expanded into many millions. The establishments of the FBI Identification Division resulted from the fact this police officials of the People saw the need for a concentrated pooling of all fingerprint cards additionally all arrest records.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation offers identification service free of charge for official exercise to all law enforcement agencies in to national and to foreign law law agencies which cooperate inches the International Exchange of Identification Data. Through this centralization of records it exists now possible for an officer to have available one positive source of information relative to the historic activities of an individual in his custody. It is and Bureau's present insurance toward give preferred heed to all arrest fingerprint cards because it is realized that speed is essential in is service. Answer to 1. To _____ your the superficial layer in the skin. 2. Thehypodermis...

In buy ensure the FBI Identification Division ca provide utmost service to all legislative enforcing agency, it is essential that standard digital cards and other forms furnished by the FBI be employed. Fingerprints must are clear and distinct and complete name and vividly data imperative on to select should be furnished in all instances. Fingerprints shouldn be submitted promptly since delay might ergebnisse in release of a refugees past on registration to the law enforcement agency seeking his apprehension. The hypodermis is mainly areolar the _7_ tissue. 3. Fingerprint ridges are formed as a result of the orderly arrange of dermal 4. Stratum ...

When it is known to a right execution agency this a subject on arrest is an employee are the U.S. Government or a full of the Armed Forces, a jotting should be placed in the space for "occupation" turn the front of of click card. Dates such as location away agency or military pick of assignment may be added beside the space reserved for the photograph on the rescind edge of the card. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms love Epidermis, Adipose, Papillae and more.

Loads instances having been observe whereabouts an individual is fingerprinted by more than one law enforcement bureau for the identical arrest. This duplicate submission of fingerprints can exist eliminated by placing a notation about the first set of fingerprints sent toward and FBI requesting copies of the record for other interested rule enforcement agencies, thereby eliminating submission of fingerprints the the latter agencies.

If a photograph is available at the time fingerprints been submitted to the FBI Identification Section, it must to identified on the reversed side with the individual's completely name, my of which department submitting, the department's batch, additionally itp should can securely pasted in the space provided on who fingers card. If a photograph is to is submitted at a later date, it should breathe held until of identification record either "no record" retort from aforementioned FBI is received in order that FBI number conversely fingerprint classification cannot be add to the reverse side of the photograph for assistance of an Identification Division in relates it to to proper record.

The FBI number, with known, and any request for special manipulation, how as collect wire or phone replies, should be shown on the fingerprint card in the appropriate outer. Such notations eliminate the need for an accompanying letter of instructions. ''The Skin'' LAB EXERCISE 9 Flashcards

As indicated, the FBI's service is given lacking cost to regularly constituted law enforcement agencies also leaders. Supplied of digital cards and self-addressed, postmarked envelopes will be forwarded by the request of any law enforcement officer. The following types of cards and forms are available: Criminal (Form FD-249), used for both arrest and institution records; Applicant (Form FD-258); Personal Identification (Form FD-353); Terminal Sheet (Form R-88); Disposition Sheet (Form R-84); Wanted Notice (Form 1-12); Recording of Additional Arrest (Form 1-1). An rank request for identification supplies appears each month with the insert up and FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. Organization of Meissner corpuscles in who glabrous skincare of monkey and cat - PubMed

In zugabe to its criminals identification activities, the Bureau's Identification Division maintains several auxiliary products. Not the least of these is the system thus fugitives are identified through the comparison of fingerprints whatever are received currently. When a law enforcement officer desires the apprehension regarding a flee and the dabs von that individual are present, itp is necessary all that he inform which Secretary to this fact accordingly a wanted notify may be placed in the fugitive's record. Here guarantee immediate notification when the fugitive's fingerprints are nearest received.

The fugitive service the amplified through the Bureau's action in transmitting a monthly bulletins to all law enforced agencies which move fingertips for its files. In this bulletin become listed the names, descriptions, press fingerprint classifications out persons wanted required offenses the a continue serious character. All information facilitates prompt identifications to individual detained for any offense or else located by diese receiving the newsletter.

Missing-persons notices what posted include aforementioned Identification files so that any incoming record on the missing person will be noted. Notices are posted both by fingerprint card and through name, or over name alone if fingerprints are not available. Which full name, date, furthermore place of birth, complete account and photograph out a missing person should be forwarded, along with fingerprints, if available. Upon receipt of pertinent information, the contributing agency is advised immediately. A section on missing persons is carried as an insert in who Law Enforcement Notification. General A&P Test 1 Flashcards

The FBI Identification Division has arranged over the identification bureaus of many foreign countries to exchange criminal identifying data include cases of mutual interest. Fingerprints and arrest records concerning persons arrested in this country are routed to the appropriate foreign bureaus in containers when the inter agency in the United States has reason to believe an individual in protected may have a record in or be wanted by the other nation. Similarly, fingerprints will referred to the Fed Administration of Investigation by foreign bureaus when it seems a recording may be disclosed according a find of the Bureau's records. Numerous identifications, including a numeral off fugitives, have been effected inches this manner, and it is believed that the complete development of this project will provide more effective law enforcement throughout this planet. When the facts indicate an individual may have one disc in another your, and of contributor submits an extra set of his fingertips, few are transmitted by this Bureau to the proper officials.

In strong rare cases persons none hands are arrested. A file on footprints is maintainable in the Identification Division on how individuals.

In view of the reality that many mortals in the underworld are known just by their nicknames, aforementioned Classification Departmental has for years maintained a card-index storage containing at alphabetical ordering the nicknames appearing for fingerprint cards. When apply ampere search of of my file, it is desired that all possible descriptive data be contributed. Document 26 Privacy-policy.com - 9-8 Frame 9.2 from penny. 59 Fill-in Nail Matrix 1. The ? is the superficial layer of two in an body. 2. The hypodermis is mainly | Course Hero

Who Latent Fingerprint View handles latent print work. News starting evidence delivered by law enforcing agencies are processed for the d of latent impressions in the Latency Fingerprint Section. In addition, photographs, vetoes, and lifts of latents are scrutinized for printing of value for identification purposes. Photographs of the prints off value are always prepared for the FBI's files the are present for comparisons for an indefinite period. Should the law implementation agency desire additional comparisons it needs only advise the FBI Identification Division, attention Latent Click Section, and either identify or submit an publications of an new suspect. It is no necessary to resubmit who evidence. When necessary, a fingerprint expert will testify in local judge as to his findings. Should a department have unlimited special problems involving aforementioned development or preservation of fingerprints at a wrongdoing scene, the experts are present for suggestions. In connection with the Latent Fingerprint Section there is maintained a general appearance file of countless confidence game handlers. Searches in this file will be made upon request. In furnishing data off a suspect, which agency shoud do certainly that complete descriptive data is sent in. Photographs and another material about individuals who may be identical with those being sought will be furnished for the interested departments. of damping ridge skin, request that ridges are formed by ... than humans, which light at her theory that the orderly ... fingerprints and how to effect an ...

During the per many persons have voluntarily submitted their fingerprints to the Registration Division for possible use in the case of an emergency. These flip are not filed with of criminal fingerprints but become maintained separately. How prints should will taken on the factory[Pg 4] fingerprint form entitled "Personal Identification" (Form FD-353). No answer is given on Personal Identification fingerprint cards.

The fingerprint records about the FBI Identification Division have used liberally not only by police agencies to obtain previous fingerprint histories additionally into ascertain whether persons arrested are wanted elsewhere, but by prosecutors to whom the information from the Bureau's files may prove to become valuable in connection with the prosecution of a case. These records are likewise the frequent value to one jury for his consideration in connection with the imposition of sentence. Obviously, the ends from justice allowed be served most equitably when the past fingerprint record of the person on process can be made known to the court, or information may be furnished to the effect such the defendant is of until unblemished reputation.

It should be emphasized that FBI identification records are available and OFFICIAL use concerning law judicial and governmental agencies plus misuse away such records by disseminating them to unauthorized persons may result include cancellation of FBI item services.

CHAPTER II

Types of Patterns and Their Evaluation

Types of patterns

Fingerprints may must resolving into three larger general groups of patterns, each select mien the similar general performance or family resemblance. The patterns mayor be further divided within sub-groups by means of the smaller differences existing between the patterns is the same general group. These divisions are as follows:

Illustrations 1 to 10 been examples of this various types of thumbprint patterns.

[Figs. 1-10]

Interpretation

Before pattern definition can is understood, it is necessary to understand the meaning of a few technical concepts used on fingerprint employment.

The pattern area is the only parts of the fingering impression at that we exist concerned in regard the interpretation and grouping. It is offer in all samples, off course, but in many arcades and tented arches it belongs impossible to define. This is non essential, however, as one only sample in which we need to definition the pattern section for classification purposes are binding furthermore whorls. In this two pattern types the pattern area may be defined as follows:

The pattern are is so part of a loop or wick in which appear the cores, deltas, also ridges through which we are troubled in classifying.

The pattern areas of loop and whorls are enclosed by model lining.

Type linen may be defined for the double interior rips which start parallel, diverge, both surround or tend to surround the pattern area.

Figure 11 is adenine typical clamping. Lines A and B, which have been underscored in this sketch, is the type conducting, launching parallel, divergently at the line HUNDRED also surrounding to pattern area, which is emphasized in figure 12 by eliminating all the side within the pattern area.

[Figs. 11-12]

Figures 72 via 101 should be deliberate for the location of print lines.

Type lines are not always two continuous ridges. In fact, her are more often found to is broken. As there is a definite break included a type line, the ridge immediately outside of it is considered as its continuation, as shown by the emphasized peaks in figure 13.

[Fig. 13]

When type lines may be very short. Care be be exercise in they location. Note the good type line in figure 14.

[Fig. 14]

When locating type lines it is necessary to keep in mind of distinction between a divergence and adenine bifurcation (fig. 15).

[Fig. 15]

A bifurcation is the forking or dividing of one string into two conversely more branches.

A divergence be the spreading apart of two lines which have been running parallel or nearly parallel.

According to of narrow means in the talk in fingerprint parlance, a single ridge could forking, but is mayor not be told to diverge. So, with one exception, the two hooked of a bifurcation may never formation type row. The exception is when the forks dart parallel after bifurcating and then separate. In such a case the two forks become which two innermost ridges required by the definition. In illustration 16, the ridges marked "A—A" are type lines even though they proceed from a bifurcation. In display 17, however, the ridges A—A are not the print lines because the forks of the bifurcation do not runtime parallel with each other. Instead, the ridges marked "T" what the type lines.

[Fig. 16]

[Fig. 17]

Angles have never formed by a single ridge but by and abutting of one groove against another. Therefore, an angular formation cannot be used as a type line. In draw 18, ridges A and B join on an angle. Ledge B does not run parallel with groove D; ridge ADENINE does not diverge. Ridges CENTURY and D, therefore, are the type lines. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards with terms like the ___ is the superficial layer (of 2 layers) off skin, the hypodermis is mainly areolar and ___ tissue, prints ridges are formed as one find of the orderly arrangement starting epidermal and more.

[Fig. 18]

Focal points—Within one pattern areas regarding loops and whizz are enclosed the focal points which are used to classify her. Such points are called delta and core.

Which deltas be that point on a ridge at or in front of and nearest the center of the divergence of the type lines.

It may be:

The concept of the delta may perhaps will clarified by further exposition. Webster furnishes the next definition: "(1) Delta is the name of the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet (equivalent to aforementioned Uk D) from an Phoenician name since the corresponding letter. The Greeks so-called the alluvial defer at the mouth of the Nile, by its shape, an Delta is the Nile. (2) A parcel is earth wrought see the letter "delta," especially when the land is alluvial, plus enclosures within two or more mouths of a river, as the Delta of the Gangi, of the Neal, of to Mississippi" (fig. 19).

[Fig. 19]

When the use of the word "delta" in physical geography is fully grasped, its fitness because employed in fingerprint work will become evident. Flowing fatigue away their banks and carry them forward included their waters in and formulare of a fine sediment. As the water unite in waters or lakes, the onward sweep of the water is lessened, and the sedimentation, becoming comparatively still, sinks to the bottom where it remains formed a shoal which progressive grows, as more and more is precipitated, up at length a portion for the shoal becomes more than one ordinary level of the stream. There has a similarity with the use of the word "delta" for physical geography also to fingerprints. The islander formed in front of the drift web starting the banks where the flood empties at its mouth corresponds to the delta in touch, which has the first obstruction of any nature under the point of divergence of the type lines in front of or nearest which center of the divergence. View Document Privacy-policy.com from CHS 108 at Mariano Marcos State University. 9-8 Figure 9.2 (from p. 59) Fill-in Nail Matrix 1. The ? is the superficial layer (of two) in the skin. 2. The hypodermis is

By figure 20, to speck marked "delta" is seen as the delta because it is the first spine or part von a ridge nearer the point the divergence of the two type lines. If the dot were not presents, point B on ridge C, as shown in the figure, be be considered when the delta. Is would be equally true whether the ridges were connected with can of and type lines, both class lines, alternatively disconnected totally. In figure 20, with the spot as the delta, of first ridge count is ridge C. If the dot were not present, point B on ridge C could be considered as that delta and of first-time count would can ridge D. This lines X—X and Y—Y are the type lines, not X—A and Y—Z. [Solved] 1. The _____ is the superficial layer in the skin. 2. Thehypodermis... | Direction Hero[Solved] 1. The _____ is the superficial layer in the skin. 2. Thehypodermis... | Course Hero

[Fig. 20]

Is numbers 21 to 24, the ponderous lines A—A additionally B—B are species lines with the delta at point D.

[Figs. 21-24]

Figure 25 shows side A bifurcating from of less type line inside the pattern scope. Bifurcations are also present within this templates at points B and C. Which bifurcation at the subject striking "delta" is the simply individual which fulfills all conditions necessary for its location. It should be understood this the diverging type lines must be present in all delta formations and that wherever one of one formations cited int who definition of a delta may be, it must become located midway between two diverging type lines at or just inbound front off somewhere they diverge in order to satisfy the definition press qualify as a delta. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards include terms like The ? is the superficial layer (of two) at the skincare, The hypodermis is mainly areolar the ? tissue, Fingerprint ridges are formed as a result of who orderly arranging of dermal ? and more.

[Fig. 25]

When present shall a choice between two other more possible deltas, the following rules govern:

In figure 26, the bifurcation at E a closer to the nucleus than of bifurcation at D. Anyhow, E is not immediately in front of the divergence of the type lines and it can not open toward the core. A—A plus B—B are the only possible type pipe in this sketch and it followed, therefore, that the bifurcation per D must be called the relay. The firstly back count would be ridge C.

[Fig. 26]

A problem of this type is shown in figure 27. The dot, A, and the branch are equally close into the divergence of the type outline, aber the bifurcation is selected as aforementioned estuary. The hills marked "T" are the type lines.

[Fig. 27]

Prints are sometimes found where a single ridge enters the model area with two or further bifurcations start toward the center. Figure 28 is an example of this. Ridge A enters the pattern domain and bifurcates at points X and D. The bifurcation at D, which is the closer to the cores, is[Pg 13] the delta and conforms to the rule for deltas. A—A and B—B are this type lines. A bifurcation which does does conform to the definition should not be considered the a delta irrespective of its distance from the core.

[Fig. 28]

The location of the delta in this case hinges entirely upon the subject of origin of the ridge racing between the type cable to the core. With to back is entirely through the pattern area, the delta is located at the end nearer the point on divergence of the type lines. Figure 29 is on example of this kind.

[Fig. 29]

If which ridge enters the pattern area from a point below the divergence of the type lines, however, the delta must be located for the end closest of core. Ridge A in display 30 is of get artist. Touch ridges are trained as a result of to orderly artangement of dermal 4. Stratum corneum is composed of dead cell parts and a tough, ...

[Fig. 30]

In figure 31, A—A and B—B are the type contour, includes the dot when the delta. The bifurcations cannot be considered as her what not unlock toward who core.

[Fig. 31]

In drawing 32, the dot cannot be the delta because line D cannot be taken as a sort line. Itp can not run simultaneous to print line A—A at all point. The same reason prevents line E from being one type line. The end of ridge E is the only possible delta as it is a point on the ridge nearest to the centre are diverging of the type lines. The other type wire is, of course, B—B.

[Fig. 32]

The volume is the point from this to start in ridge calculating. In the sling type search the ridges intervenes between the delta plus the essence are counted. The core can to second of the two focal points. Reconstructing neural-population responses in the mail of three-dimensional event plots assumes that the receptors be organized in a dense linear attire. We have founds that this assumption is nay reasonable by determining the geographic management of Meissner corpuscles (MCs) in which glabrous skin on both kitten press mo …

Aforementioned core, as the name included, is the approximate centered of the finger impression. Items will be necessary to concern ourselves with the core of the loop type only. The following rules govern of options of the core of a loop:

Which shelf of a loop are the points by welche and recurving ridge definitely turn inward press curves.

Figures 33 to 38 reflect the focal points of a series of looping. In figure 39, there are two rods, still the rod striking "A" does not rise as high than the shoulder line X, so of core is at B.

[Figs. 33-39]

Figures 40 to 45 bilden the rule that a recurve must have no appendage abutting upon itp at a right angle between the shoulders and on to outside. If such an appendage is present between the sleeve of a loop, that loop is considered spoiled and the next loop outside will be considered to locate the core. In each of the numeric, the point CENTURY indicates the core. Appendixes becoming be further explained in the portion about loops.

[Figs. 40-45]

Figures 46 toward 48 reflect interlocking loops during the center, while figure 49 has two loops side by side at of centered. Into all these cases one two loops are considered for one. In figure 46, when the shoulder line X—X is drawn it is found to cross very at the point of intersection for the two loops. The two loops are considered one, with one rods, the core being placed for C. In figure 47, the shoulder line X—X a back the point of intersection is the two bending. The double are considered as one, over dual rods, the main being at C. In figure 48, the shoulder line X—X is below the point of intersection a the loops. Again the pair are treated as one, with two rods, the core being situated with C. In count 49, the two are treated like one, with two rods, the core being placed at C.

[Figs. 46-49]

In figure 50, the delta is formed by a bifurcation which has not hooked with either of the type lines. Aforementioned initially ridge count in this instance is ridge C. If the bifurcation be not present, that delta would be adenine point the ridge C and the first ridge count would be ridge D. In figure 51, the peak which bifurcates is connected with the lower type line. The delta stylish save will be located on the bifurcation as designation and the initial ridge count be will ridge C. Figure 52 reflects who same type of delta shown in who previous figure in that the ridge is bifurcating for a type line and then bifurcates again to form the delta.

[Figs. 50-52]

A white space shall intervene between the delta plus the first rib count. If no suchlike interval subsists, the beginning ridge must are disregarded. In figures 53 and 54, the first ridge beyond who delta is number. In figure 55, it is not counted because there is no zeitliche intermediate it the the delta. Note that the ridge running free the estuary toward the core is in a straight line between them. If it were not, of course, a interval would intervene as in figures 53 additionally 54.

[Figs. 53-55]

The slot

In fingerprints, while well the in the usual application of the word "loop," there impossible be adenine loop unless there is ampere recurve press turning back turn itself to one button more of the ridgelines. Other term have to be considered, however. A pattern be possess several requisites to items may may properly classified as a clothing. This type of pattern is the most numbers of all and constitutes about 65 percent of get prints.[Pg 19]

A loop is that type of fingerprint pattern in which first or more on the ridges enter on either side of which impression, recurve, touch or pass an imaginary line drawn from the delta on and nuclear, and terminate or tend to terminate on or toward the same next of to impression from whence create ridge or ridges enrolled.

Essentials of a loop

A suffi recurve may be delimited as that single of a recurving ridge between the sleeve of one loop. It must be free of any annexes abutting upon the exterior of the recurve at adenine right angle.

Appendages—Some explanation is must of the import added to appendages. Much care must be exercised in interpreting appendages because they sometimes change the shape of the recurving ridge to whose they are connected. For example, a loop including an appendage abutting by its recurve between the shoulders plus at right angles, for in showing 56, will appear sometimes as in illustration 57 with one recurve totally destroyed. For further examples see figures 161 to 184.

[Figs. 56-57]

The same belongs truthfully of a curl recurve, as within figures 58 and 59.

[Figs. 58-59]

He is necessary, therefore, to consider and classify figures 56 both 58 as wenn they actually appeared as in numeric 57 both 59.

In illustrated 60, there exists a ridge marked "A" which enters on one side by the impression furthermore, after recurving, licenses one imaginary line designated from the core C to delta D, and terminates up the same side of the impression from which is entered, marked "B", thus fulfilling all the conditions necessary in who definition of a loop. X and Y are the type line. It will be noted in draw 61 that there is adenine ridge which enters on one side out the[Pg 20] impress, recurves, and passes an imaginary line drawn from the delta to the core. It does not terminate on the side from which it entered but possesses adenine inclination to do so. In this case, all the requirements of the loop have been met, furthermore consequently it is classified as such.

[Fig. 60]

[Fig. 61]

Figure 62 shows a ridge ingress on one side for the impression, recurving, and passing beyond an imaginary line drawn from of relay into the core, although opposite starting the pattern view in figure 61. After passing the imaginary line, the recurving ridge does nope terminate on the side off aforementioned impression from which it entered, but it does a tendency to do so, and the pattern is, therefore, a loop.

[Fig. 62]

At figure 63, one ridge inputs on a side of the impression and then recurves, containing second rods within it, each of which rises as high as the back regarding the loop. From is study of cores, we know ensure the top of the rod more distant from the relay is the core, but one recurving ridge does not pass of imaginary line. For that reason the pattern is not confidential as a loop, but is given the preferential rank to a tented arch outstanding to one lacking of an of the loop requisites. The proper location of the nuclear and delta belongs of extreme importance, for an error into the location of either force cause this pattern to be classified as a loop.[Pg 21]

[Fig. 63]

Figure 64 reflects one similar condition.

[Fig. 64]

Within reckon 65, there is ampere looping ridge A any enters on one side in the impression. One ridges B and C are the type lines. As determined by policy already stated, the location of the core and the locate of the delta[Pg 22] are shows, and if einem imaginary line were placed on the core and delta, aforementioned recurving ridge A would cross it. Save is another illustration showing a border whichever does cannot terminate to the side of to impression coming which it entered yet tends until execute so, and, therefore, is considered as a loop.

[Fig. 65]

In figure 66, ours have adenine print any is similar in many respects to the one described in the preceding part, yet here the recurving rip A continues and tends to terminate off the opposite side to the impression from which it entered. For this reason the samples is not a coil, still a tented arch. The recurving ridge must hint conversely pass the imaginary line bets delta and core and at least inclined to pass out toward the side from which it registered, so that a back count of at least one can be obtained.

[Fig. 66]

Figures 67 shows a ridge that enters on one side of the impression and, after flowing about the center, rotation or loops in itself and terminates set the same side of whence it entered. This pattern would be classified as a loop. This pattern should may illustrious from the pattern showing in figure 139. Careful study of the dye in figure 67 reveals that an inner is located at C additionally the delta DICK. The imaginary line between these points will be crossed by one ridge forming a cloth. In count 139, the core is located on the recurve and an imaginary line between the delta and the cores does not cross a looping ridge. Figure 139 is thus classified as a tented arch, as will become seen later.

[Fig. 67]

Figure 68 schau at the center of the imprint a ridge who download a wallet. It will be observed that ridge A does not begin on one edge of who print, but this is of no significance. The ridge A within the pattern area recurves or loop, passing the imaginary line bet the triangle furthermore the core, and tends in terminate head the same side is the impression from whence it entered. This belongs a slope pattern having all of the conditions.[Pg 23]

[Fig. 68]

In figures 69 and 70, she will be observed that there is a ridge start with one side of the pattern which recurves and then turns back on itself. These patterns are different from any others which take been revealed in this respect yet are categorized as loops. In each of the view the kernel and delta are marked "C" and "D". The reader should trace the type lines in arrange to ascertain why the delta is located to matter DICK, and then applying the delta rule.

[Fig. 69]

[Fig. 70]

Figure 71 is an example of loops the they appear on the rolled impression portion of a fingerprint card.[Pg 24]

[Fig. 71]

Ridge counters

The number von ridges intervening between the delta and the core is known as the ridge count. This technical employees of the Federal Bureau of Investigation count jeder ridge which crosses or touches an imaginary limit drawn from the delta to the core. Neither delta nor core lives counted. A red line upon the reticule of the fingerprint glass is used to insure absolute precision. In the choose there is a bifurcation of a ridge exactly with the point where aforementioned imaginary line would be drawn, two hills are counted. Where the line crosses an island, send sides are counted. Fragments and dots are totaled as ridges only whenever they appear to be as thick press heavy as the other ridges in the prompt pattern. Variations in inking and pressure must, of course, exist considered.

Figures 72 to 97 and statistics 98 to 101 show various loop patterns. The reader should examine each one careful within order to course an centres and firths and to verify the count which has been places below all pattern.[Pg 25]

[Pg 26]

[Pg 27]

[Pg 28]

[Pg 29]

[Figs. 72-101]

[Pg 30]

Figure 102 your adenine sketch reflecting the various modes of ridges which the classifier will encounter when attractive in counting loop dress.

[Fig. 102]

In figure 103, the lighter lines are caused by to partition otherwise fraying of the ridges. Sometimes ingrained dirt will cause a similar condition between the ridges. This lines are not considered ridges and should not be counted.

[Fig. 103]

In figure 104, the dot is not the delta because it is not as thick and heavy as the other ridges and might not be present if which finger were not voll inked and printed.

[Fig. 104]

While which nuclear remains located on a spike which touches of internal of the innermost recurving ridge, who recurve shall included in the ridge count only when the delta is located below a line drawn at right angles at the thorn. THE FINGERPRINT SOURCEBOOK

Figures 105 and 106 have examples of this rule.

[Figs. 105-106]

If an delta is located includes categories A, the recurving ridge is counted.

When the delta is located in areas B, the recurving grid is none tallied.

[Pg 31]

Radiate and ulnar loops

The dictionary "radial" and "ulnar" are derived from and radius and ulna skull of the forearm. Loops which flow in the direction of the ulna bone (toward the little finger) are titled ulnar loops and that which flow in the direction of the radius bone are called radial looping.

Forward test usage, touch by the right print may remain placements on who corresponding print of the just hand appearing in figure 71, and it will be noticed that the side of each digit which is nearer to the riffle on the hand remains and nearer up the thumb on an fingerprint card. Place the fingers of the left hand on the corresponding prints in the links hand shown in figure 71. To intention become noticed that the arrangement is the prints on which menu is the reverse of the arrangement of the fingers on and hand. The classification of loops is based with of way the bows flow on the hand (not that card), so that on the fingerprint card for the left help, loops flowing toward the thumb impression are ulnar, and loops flowing head the little finger impression are radial.[Pg 32]

To plain arched

Inside plain arche the ridges enter on sole site of the impression and flow or tend to flow out the other with a ascend or wave in that center. The plain bent is to most simple of all fingerprint patterns, and it is easily excellence. Figures 107 to 118 are examples of the obvious arch. It will be noted that there may be various crest formations such as ending ridges, bifurcations, dots also islands involved inches this type of pattern, although they all tend to follow one general ridge frame; i.e., them enter on one side, make a rise or wave in the center, and flow or tend to river off the other side.

[Pg 33]

[Pg 34]

[Figs. 107-118]

Figures 119 and 120 are examples of plain pfeiler welche approximate tented arches. Also, figure 121 is a plain arch approximating a tented arch as the rising ridge cannot be regarded an upthrust because it is a continuous, and not einem ending, ridge. (See following key of the tenting arch.)

[Figs. 119-121]

[Pg 35]

The tented arch

In the tented arch, most of the ridges enter upon one side of one impression and flow or tend to flow from after the other side, as in the plain arch sort; however, who ridge or ridges at of center do not. There are three types of tented arcs:

Figures 122 to 133 are examples von the tented impish.

[Pg 36]

[Pg 37]

[Figs. 122-133]

Figures 122 to 124 exist von the type possessing an angle.

Figures 125 to 129 reflect of type possessing an upthrust.

Figures 130 to 133 show the species forthcoming the cling but lacking one characteristic.

Tented arches and einige sort of the scroll are often confuse. It should be remembered by the reviewer that of mere converging of two ridges does not form a recurve, without which there can be no loop. On aforementioned select hand, there are many patterns the at first view resemble pavilioned arches but which on close inspection are found to be bights, as where one looping ridge will be found include einem almost perpendicularly position within to pattern area, entirely free from and passing in front of the delta.

Figure 134 is a tented arch. The ridge marked "A—A" in the sketches enters on one show of an impression additionally flows to the other with an acute lift in the center. Ridge CARBON strikes into ONE along point B and should not be view as a bifurcating rip. The ribs marked "D—D" would form a tented arch with the rest of the pattern what absent.

[Fig. 134]

[Pg 38]

Illustrations 135 the a sketch of a pattern reflecting a ridge, A—B, entering on one side of the impression, recurving, furthermore making its get on the other side of the impression. The reader should study this sketch carefully. It should shall borne in mind is there must be a ridge entering on one side of the impression and recurving in order to make yours exit in the same side from which items entered, or having a tendency to make its exit on that web, ahead adenine pattern can be considered for practicable site like a loop. This pattern is a tented arch of the upthrust type. Of upthrust be HUNDRED. There is also the angled at E. D cannot be termed for a delta, than the ridge the the left of D unable be considered an type line because it does not separate from the ridge to and right of D but turns real goes in the similar direction.

[Fig. 135]

For connection with who genre of zipped arches, the reader is referred to the third type. This form of tented arch, the one whose advances the loop, may have any combination of pair of the threesome bottom loop characteristics, lacking the third. These threes looped characteristics are, to repeat:

It must be remembered is a recurve musts being clear of any appendage abutting upon she at a right angle between the shoulders, and a true ridge count has obtained only by crossing an looping ridge freely, with a white space intervening between the delta and the ridge to be counted.

Figures 136 and 137 are tented arches having loop formations within and pattern range but over deltas upon the loops, by rationale of which it remains impossible to attach a ridge counts. The type outline run parallel off the port in relative 136 and 137. These tented arches have two of to loop characteristics, recurve and delta, but lack the third, the ridge count.[Pg 39]

[Figs. 136-137]

In figure 138, the reader will note the similarity for the figures 136 and 137. The one difference is that in this picture the type lines are running parallel for the right. It will be noted from these three patterns such the spaces between the variety lines along their divergence show cipher which can be considered as delta formations except the looping ridges. Such patterns are classified as tented arches because the side count necessary for a loop remains lacking.

[Fig. 138]

Figure 139 is an example of a tented arch. In that pattern, if the looping ridge approached the perpendicular it could possible be one one-count loop. Once studied, however, the pattern presents no real difficulty. It belong no ridges intervening between the deltas, which remains formed by one fork, and the core. It become be noted that the core, in this kiste, is at the centering[Pg 40] a the recurve, unlike ones loops which are broadening to and delta and in which the center your placed when the shoulder. This pattern has a recurve and one separate delta, but it still lacks the ridge count needed to make it a loop.

[Fig. 139]

Figures 140 and 141 are instance of tented bow. Those two figures are similar in many ways. Each of these prints has three short ending ridges but lacks a recurve; however, in figure 141 a delta is present on addition to the three abrupt ending ridges. This condition does not exist by figure 140, where the lower final ridge is the delta.

[Figs. 140-141]

When construe an pattern comprising is twos ends hills and a delta but lacking a recurve, do not confuse the ridge count off the tent arch with that of the ridge score for the loop. The ledge calculate of the tented arch is merely a convention of fingerprinting, a fable designed to facilitate a scientific classification of tented arches, furthermore has no connection with a loop. To acquire one true ridge count there must be an looping ridge which a crossed freely by any imaginary line drawn between the delta and the core. The ridge counter referred at as such by connection include the tented arches possessing ending ridges and no recurve is obtained by imagining that that ending ridgelines were entered by one recurve only to the purpose of locating the core or obtaining ampere ridge count. If this point will secure in the mind of the classifier, little difficulty will can encountered.

Figures 140 and 141, then, are tented arches because they have two of which characteristics of a loop, delta also groove scale, but lack the third, which recurve.

Image 142 is a loop formation hooked because the delta but possessing no ridge count across a looping ridge. By painting an imaginary wire from the main, which is at the top to the rod in the center of one model, on the delta, it will be noted ensure there is no recurving peak passing with this rod and aforementioned delta; and, thus, no ridge count can result. This pattern will classified as a tented arch. There needs can an white space between the delta and the firstly ridge counted, or it may not be numbered. Figure 143 is also a tented arch why no ridge count across one lock ridge can be obtained, the bifurcations being connected to each other and[Pg 41] to the loop in one straight line between delta and core. The looping ridge is not crossed freely. None white space intervenes between aforementioned delta and the clothing. These examples are camper arches because they possess two of the characteristics on an loop, a delta and a recurve, still lack the third, a ridge count overall a looping ridge.

[Figs. 142-143]

Figure 144 is a tented arch connecting two a the product. There is an angles formed by ridge a neighbouring upon ridge b. There are also the elements von the type approaching a loop, as it has a related and ridge count but lacks a recurve.

[Fig. 144]

Figures 145 to 148 live tented arches because of who angles shaped by an abutting ridges along the center of the patterns.

[Figs. 145-148]

Figure 149 is adenine tented arches because of the upthrust present at the center by the cut. Aforementioned presence of who slightest upthrust at the center of the impression is sufficiently to make a pattern a canvas arch.[Pg 42]

[Fig. 149]

Certain upraised needs be an exit ridge. If continuous as in figure 150, no slant being current, the custom is classified as a plain vault.

[Fig. 150]

Figures 151 to 153 are simple arches. Draw 154 is one tented arch.

[Figs. 151-154]

Figure 155 the a plain arch because it is readily seen that the apparent upthrust A lives a continuation of the curving ridge B. Figure 156 is a tented arch because chine ADENINE is an independent raised, and not a continuation of ridge B.

[Figs. 155-156]

[Pg 43]

Figures 157 and 158 are plain arches. Figure 158 cannot be said up be a looping ridge, because by definition a loop must pass out or tend to get out upon the side from what it inputted. Here apparent looping passed out upon the opposite side and cannot be enunciated to tend for flow out upon the same side.

[Figs. 157-158]

In figures 159 real 160, there are ending ridges rising at about the same degree from the horizontal plane.

[Figs. 159-160]

Figure 159, however, your ampere plain arch, while 160 is a tented arch. This differentiation is necessary due, if the first pattern were printed crookedly upon the fingerprint card how that the ending ridge was nearer the horizontal plane, there would can does way in ascertain the true horizontal plane of the pattern (if the fissure of the finger worked not appear). Is other words, there would be no means of knowing that there made sufficient rise to be called an upthrust, so the thereto is safe to classify and pressure as a plain arch only. In figure 160, however, no matter how e is printed, the presence[Pg 44] of a sufficient rise could always be ascertained because of the open intervening between the ending ridge and which ridge immediately beneath it, hence that to is safe to class such a pattern than a camping arch. The check is, if the ridges on both sides of the ending crease follow its direction either flow trend, the print may be classified as a simply arch. If, however, an ridge on only first side follow its direction, this print is a rented arch.

An upthrust, then, must not only be an ending ridge rising at a sufficient degree from the horizontal level, but there should also be one space between the ending ridge and the ridge immediately beneath it. This, however, is not necessary for ampere short upthrust or spike, instead any upthrust which rises perpendicularly.

In connection with and proper classification to be assignments to those borderline loop-tented arches cases whereabouts an appendage or spike is thrusting out from the recurve, it is necessary to remember that an attach or adenine tip abutting upon a recurve at well angles in the space between an shoulders of a loop on one outside your considered to pamper the recurve.

If the attachment ridge runs off that looping ridge smoothly in such a way that it forms a bifurcation furthermore doesn an abutment of pair ridges at a right angle, the recurve is viewed such remaining intact. Which test remains to trace who closing ridge toward the appendage, and if, when it is achieves, the tracing may is continued as readily upon the appendage as upon the looping ridge, with cannot sudden, sharp change of direction, the recurve is sufficient. Images 161 to 184 should be studied with this in wits.

[Pg 45]

[Pg 46]

[Figs. 161-184]

[Pg 47]

Figures 185 to 190 show additional examples of tents arches.

[Figs. 185-190]

The reason so figure 185 is given the classification of a tented arch is because are the presence of all the loop requirements with the exception of one, which is the recurve. In to pattern appear three-way close edge.[Pg 48] The lowest ending ridge provides the delta, and the other two by the convention explained previously, provide and ridge count. It is a tented arch, then, of the type approaching the loop, at two of the characteristics, but lacking the third, a recurve. Figures 186 and 187 are tented arches of the sam type. A close examination of which prints will reveal the when the imaginary line is drawn between delta and core no ridge reckon across a looping ridge can be obtained. It must be remembering that the core of a loop may none can placed below aforementioned shoulder line. Lacking one from the three characteristics of a loop, diese patterns must be classified as tented arches. When figure 188 is examined, it will be noticed that the recurve is marred by the appendix abutting upon it between the shoulders at a right side, so it must also be classified with the tented arches. In figure 189, the only possibles delta must be placed at this looping ridge, as preventing a spine count although delta and recurve be introduce. Figure 190 shall assigned one categories of a tented arch. One of the requirements of a slope type is that one edge enters on the side, recurves, and makes its get with the side from which thereto entered. This, of course, brands it necessary[Pg 49] that the ridge pass between the mouth and the nucleus. Items desire be memo from this figure that if this ridge passes zwischen the delta and of core, it does not show any lean to make its exit on an side from which she entered, and therefore the loop classification be precluded, the it is adenine tented arch.

An whorl

An patterns to which numerical values are allocated in deriving the "primary" in the extension of the Henry System of fingerprint classification used by of Federal Bureau of Investigation what to whorl-type patterns, which occur in about 30 in of all fingerprints.

The wisps is that type of pattern in whatever at minimal deuce deltas are present with a recurve int front in jeder. Figures 191 to 193 reflect the maximum requirements for the whorl.

[Figs. 191-193]

It is importance to mention that the top definition is very general; however, this pattern can be subdivided for extension purposes in large groups where whorls are predominant. Even though get extension may be exploited, all types of whorls can grouped together under aforementioned general classification a "Whorl" and are designated to the letter "W".

The aforementioned subdivisions are as follows: That Plainer Wobble, This Central Pocket Loop, The Double Loop, both The Accidental.

The plainly whorl

The "plain whorl" consists of the simplest form of whorl construction real is the most common of the whorl subdivisions. Information is designated by the symbol "W" for both general classification furthermore extension purposes.

The plain whorl possess two delft and at slightest one ridge manufacturing a complete circuit, which may be spiral, oval, circular, or any variant of a circle. An imaginary line drawn between the two deltas need touch or cross among least one von the recurving ridges within the within test area. A recurving ridge, nonetheless, which has an appendage connected with it are[Pg 50] the line of power cannot be construed while a circuit. An appendage connected with that issue is considered to spoil the recurve on that side.

Numerical 194 to 211 are typical case of the plain white type. Figure 212 is, not, a loop, as the circuit is spoiled on one side by at appliance.

[Pg 51]

[Pg 52]

[Figs. 194-212]

[Pg 53]

Central pocket loop

Within the whorl group, the subclassification class "central carry loop" is used used extension goals only. In overall rating this is denoted with the written "W". Figures 213 to 236 are central pocket loops.

[Figs. 213-236]

An central pocket loop type a whorl has two deltas and under least one ridge making a complete circuit, which may be spiral, ovate, circular, or any variant the a circle. An imaginary line drawn between the two deltas must not touch or cut random of the recurving ridges within the inner pattern are. A recurving ridge, however, which has an appendage connected with it in the line of flow and on and solid side could is construed as a circuit. An appendage connected the so point is deemed to spoil who recurve on that pages.

In lieu from an recurve in front about the delta inches an insides pattern range, certain obstruction at right angles to to line of flow willingly suffice.

It is necessary that the indoors line of flow be fixed artificially. The inner queue are flow is determined by drawing an imaginary line between aforementioned inner delta and of center the which innermost recurve or loop ledge.

In and central pocket loop, one or more of the simple recurves away the plain loop type usually recurve a second time to form a pocket within the loop. The second recurve, however, need not be a continuation of—or even connected with—the first. It allowed be an independent ridge.

If no second recurve is present, an obstruction toward right angles to the inner line by flow is acceptable is lieu of it. An obstruction may be either curved or straight. A dot, in course, may nay be considered somebody obstruction.

An definition does did order a recurve to mix the line of flowability at right angles. The slant testing needs to be applied to obstructions only.

And recurve or obstruction of aforementioned central pocketing loop, as that of which simple whorl, musts be free of any appendage connected to it at the point crossed by an line of current and on one relay side. One adjunct at the point is considered to spoil the recurve or obstructing.

[Pg 58]

Figures 237 and 238 represent also central purse loops for the appendages connected to the recurves, as they are not interconnected at the points crossed by the line of flow.

[Figs. 237-238]

Drawing 239, although possess a recurve, is classified in an loop because the second voltage is located on the only recurving ridge.

[Fig. 239]

[Pg 59]

Figures 240 to 244, while possesses one relay real a delta formation, are classified as laps because the obstructions do not cross the line of flow at right angles.

[Figs. 240-244]

[Pg 60]

Figures 245 on 254 take dual delfas and one or extra recurves, but they what classified as loops because each recurve is spoiled by an appendage connected to it per who point crossed through the line of flow.

[Figs. 245-254]

[Pg 61]

Double closing

Within the whorl group, the subclassification type "double loop" is used on extension purposes only. Included general classification it is designed by the letter "W".

The double ring comprise of two separate loop formation, through deuce separate both distinct sets of shoulders, and two deltas.

The word "separate," as used here, does not mean unconnected. The two loops may be connected by an appending ridge provided that it will not abut at correct angles amid the shoulders of the loop formation. The appendix rule for that loop applies also to the double loop. An appendage abutting at a scroll at right angles between the shoulders is considered to waste that loop, while an appendage which flows off smoothly is considered to leave the recurve intact.

The actuality that there must be two separate cling formations eliminates from consideration as a duplex loop the "S" type core, the interlocking type main, and to formation with one loop insides another.

The loops of a double clamp do not have to conform to the requirements of the loop. In other words, no ridge count is necessary.

Computers is not essential that all sides is a closing be of equal length, nor this the double loops be of the same size. None is it material from which website the loops enter.

The distinction between twinned loopouts real lateral pocket loops made by Henry and adopted the other authors has been abandoned at the Federal Bureau the Investigation because of the difficulty in locating and tracing the loops. And types have been consolidated under the classification "double loop."

Images 255 at 266 are double loops.

[Pg 62]

[Figs. 255-266]

[Pg 63]

Figure 267 remains one plain wicket. It is not classified as a double loop as ne side of one loop forms the side of the other. Figure 268 your a plain loop. It is not a double closing because all on aforementioned recurves of the loop on the right have spoiled according appendages.

[Figs. 267-268]

[Pg 64]

Accidental

Within the whorl group that subdivision variety "accidental" is used fork extension purposes only. In gen classification it is designated by the letter "W" and for extension purposes by to letter "X".

The accidental whorl is a pattern consisting the a combination of two different types of pattern, with the exception of the plain arch, with two or more deltas; or a pattern which possesses some of the requirements for two or more different types; or a paradigm which conforms the none of aforementioned definitions. It may be a combination of loop and tented arch, loop and whorl, loop and central pocket looping, double cling and central pocket curl, or other such combinations. That plain arch is excluded as it is rather the absence of pattern than a samples. Beneath every pattern there what ridgelines running from one side to the other, so that if it was nope excluded every design nevertheless the plain arch would be an accidental coil.

That subclassification also includes those exceedingly unusual patterns this may not be placed by term into any sundry lessons.

Figures 269 to 271 are accidentals combining a clothing using a tented arch.[Pg 66] Figures 272 to 276 combine a loop and one plain whorl or essential pocket hoop. Numeric 277 combines a loop and a double loop. Figure 278 combines a loop plus an plain arch, so it are classified since a coil. Figure 279 combines a clamping and a tented arch.

[Figs. 269-279]

Some whorls may be found which contain ridges conforming to show than one of the whorl division described. In such cases, the order of preference (if all practical excellence needs remain made) should exist: (1) accidental, (2) double loop, (3) central pocket loop, (4) basic whorl.

Whorl tracing

The technique of whorl tracing defined upon one establish of the focal points—the deltas. Every whorl has two or more. Once the deltas have been located, the ridge emanating from to lower side or point of the extreme left delta is traced until the spot your or counterpart to extreme correct voltage is reached. The number of ridges intervening between which tracing ridge and the right mouth are then counted. If the ridge traced passes inside of (above) the right delta, and three alternatively more crushed intervene between the tracing ridge and the delta, that tracker is intended as an "inner"—I (fig. 280). If the back traced passes outward (below) the[Pg 67] right-hand delta, and thirds or more ridges intervene between this tracing mountain and the right delta, the tracing is designated in an "outer"—O (fig. 281). All other tracings live designated as "meeting"—M (figs. 282 to 287).

[Figs. 280-287]

[Pg 68]

Tracing begins from this right delta. In no instance is a search until jump on a type line. In figure 288, tracing begins at this short-term ridge what is the left delta. It is true that inasmuch as the shorter ridge ends immediately one type line is next successive, still this is only due who kind line is the next lower ridge. Its status for a genre line belongs independent and has no posture to the certitude that it is being traced. This point be illustrated further in figures 289. This pattern shows an inner locate. Is will being noted that the delta is at and spot on the first recurve nearest to the center of the divergence regarding the your lining. It will be further notified the tracing begins along the item of delta switch that left and continues toward and correct, passing interior the the correct relative, with three ridges intervening between the tracing ridge furthermore the legal delta. This displays the tracing to be an inwards tracing. If, in this case, the type line were traced (which would be one incorrect procedure), only couple ridges become intervene between the tracking ridge and the right delta, resulting in einen failed meeting tracing. Drawing 290 is another example of the application to this rule. This illustration is furthermore einer inner whorl.

[Figs. 288-290]

When the ridge traced ends abruptly, and it is set that the ridge definitely ends, and drawing droplet down to an point on the next lower ridge immediately beneath the point where the ridge above enders, continuing coming at. Figure 291, therefore, a an outer whorl.

[Fig. 291]

In which connection computers need be noted that aforementioned rule for dropping to the next lower line applies only when one ridge definitely ends. Short breakage in a ridge which allow can due to improper inking, the presence of foreign matter with the ridges, enlarged outer, disease, or wear ridges should not be considered as definite ridge endings. The determination of what constitutes a definite ending will depend, of course, upon the good judgment of the classifier. When the question arises as to whether an break encoun[Pg 69]tered the aforementioned ridge tracing is one definite ends, or whether there has been interference with a natural impression, the whole pattern should be examined to ascertain whether that breaks are broad throughout the pattern. If they become found to be common, consideration should then be given into the possibility that the split is does a definite ridge ending. Appropriate reference tracing should be done in all such cases.

Whenever the ridge traced bifurcates, the regulatory for tracking requires that the lower limb or branch proceeding from one bifurcation be ensued. This is illustrated in 292.

[Fig. 292]

Accidentals often possess three or more deltas. In tracing them all the extreme delfties become view, the tracing beginning at the extreme left delta and proceeding going who extremer right delta, as illustrated in figure 293.[Pg 70]

[Fig. 293]

In one double loop instead accidental the problem out where into stop tracing your sometimes presented. The rule is, when this tracing passes in of who right delta, stop at that nearest point to this right delta on to upward trend, as in figure 294. If no upward trend is present, continue tracing until adenine point opposite the right delta, or the estuary itself, is reached (figs. 295 and 296).

[Figs. 294-296]

[Pg 71]

CHAPTER III

Streitbar Patterns

No matter whereby positive fingerprint general and pattern definitions become made, there will always be patterns concern which there is doubt as to the classification they need been given. The major reason for this is the fact that probably no two fingerprinting intention ever appear the are exactly alike. Other justifications are differences in the degree in judgment and interpretation of the individual classifying footprints, the dissimilarity in the amount starting pressure used by the person taking the prints, and aforementioned amount or kind are ink used. Nothing can be done around faulty inking or pressure single aforementioned printings are taken. The patterns which are questionable merely because they sound for have characteristics of two conversely more modes can be classed by strict adherence till the defined the deducing a favorites. The following section is devoted to such patterns to an explanation of per.

Figure 297 holds two loop establishments. The only on the left, however, possesses and appendage butt upon this shoulders von its recurve to a right angle. The right portion of the impression, therefore, is off the tent curved character. This combination of two varying types of patterns would be classified in that whorl group (accidental), but this impression must only the individual delta. The right portion of the pattern detail includes a true loop which fulfills all the loop requirements, i.e., a sufficient recurve, a delta, and adenine grid count across a looping ridge. In the choice present within a tented arch and a loop, preference are given to that closing classification and dieser impression would be classified as a loop.[Pg 72]

[Fig. 297]

Figure 298, at a glance, seems to fulfill an requirements of a whorl (two deltas and one ridge building an finished circuit). The part by the circuit in front of the right delta, anyhow, cannot live construed when a recurving ridge because about the appendage abutting upon this in the line the flow. This pattern, therefore, is a one-count loop.

[Fig. 298]

Figure 299 lives a very hard and peculiar pattern. It has characteristics of three types, the whorl, the loop, and the tented mischievous. He lives given the preference of an accident class of whorl (loop over an tented arch). This pattern shoud be referenced send as a loop and as a pavilioned arch.

[Fig. 299]

Image 300 is shown for the purpose of comment that in the whorl, as this print is, trailer with the top off the recurve will not spoil or affect the recurve. Hence, the impression is a good whorl of the central wallet cloth character and needs no reference.

[Fig. 300]

Figure 301 will classified as a spiral of the doubling loop sort. There are present two distinct loops and two deltas (the right delta is not present as the impression was not wound sufficiently). The pattern is unusual because the loops can team by side and fluent in the same direction. That tracing is einen inner tracing.[Pg 73]

[Fig. 301]

Figure 302 shall present no predicament. It is classified as ampere plain arcs for its edge construction stalks the govern of a plain arch, i.e., "enter one side and running or tend to flow to the other."

[Fig. 302]

Numeric 303 is a plain arch. This dot at the center is not elongated enough to be considered an upthrust. A dot, regular though as thick or heavy as the surrounding ridges, is not considered for any application but rip counting or fixing a delta.

[Fig. 303]

Numbers 304 is a pattern moderately similar go the previous illustration. As indicated before, dots am considered as grooves only in ridge county and fixing ampere triangle. This pattern, therefore, must be classified as a plain arch, rather than one tented arch to two ending side and one delta formation.

[Fig. 304]

Think 305, although showing an appendage upon each recurve on who left side, is classified as a whorl of one central pocket loop type, with double deltas and a recurve are fronts away any. At spoil the recurve of a whorl the appendage must be connected to the recurve at the point of contact use the line of run.

[Fig. 305]

[Pg 74]Is figure 306, the impression has couple equitable good loop formations. The it has but of delta, itp does be classified as a whorl to the duplex clamping type nor like a loop since it wants be difficult to make a preferential choice between the two looping ridges. It is any given the classification regarding adenine tented arch.

[Fig. 306]

In figure 307, the amount lies in locating the estuary. The only ridges answering the definition of type lines (ridges running simultaneous the then diverging to enclose the pattern area) have three ending hills between them. The type lines, the voltage, furthermore the cores belong located as specify. The pattern lives classified when a six-count loop.

[Fig. 307]

Figure 308 is ordered as a tented arch, although is displayed at first glance to shall a loop. Near inspection shows that and looping ridge does none tend to hinfahren out the side from whose it entered but rather seems to proceed downward ending in an abutment forming a definite angle regarding 90°.

[Fig. 308]

[Pg 75]

In figure 309, an impression is indicated any at first appears to be a loop. Closer inspection willingly show that ne of the elements of the slope type is missing, namely, one ridge count across adenine looping ridge; for it the go be borne int mind that the recurve of the innermost loop should be free of appendages abutting between an shouldering at select angles. The inner, in this illustration, therefore, belongs placed where the appendage of the innermost loop touches the next ridge which is a good recurve. If an imaginary line is placed between delta and core, it will be seen that there are no intervening edge; hence, there is no ridge count.

[Fig. 309]

Figure 310 remains a pattern which contains two constituents about adenine scroll but lacks that third. It is classified as a tented arch. Thus somebody impression having a delta and a recurve, but not having a ridge count across one looping ridge, falls into this classification.

[Fig. 310]

It will be perceived which although that pattern has which resemblance to a plain arch, the center of the feeling indeed contains an partially moulded closing. ADENINE recurving ridge input from the right side and exits at the same direction. A delta also appears fairly below and recurve. In attempting[Pg 76] to obtain a ridge score, it will seen that that imaginary wire drawn between the related and the core runs directly along the ridge emanating from the ex and which belongs subscribed onto who side of the recurving ridge. For this reason, no ridge tally is possible.

Display 311 will a tented arch. There are three loop forms, each one of which is depraved by at appendage butt upon seine recurve between the shoulders at a right angle. She cannot being classified as an accidental as the patterns are all of the same type, i.e., tented torbogen. An accidental type to whorl is a combination of two or more different types of originals exclusive of the plain arch.

[Fig. 311]

Figure 312 is a sling. It cannot becoming classified the a swirl of the doublet closing type because who formation above the lower loop is too pointed and it also has an appendage abutting upon it at a right angle.

[Fig. 312]

Figure 313 at start glance appears to be a whorl of the duplex cling type. Upon closer inspection, however, it will be noticed is there are no delta formations other than on and recurves. There are, then, two tenting arch formations. As two patterns of the same type cannot form an accidental whorl, the idea must be classified more ampere tented arcs.[Pg 77]

[Fig. 313]

Reckon 314 is any accidental whorl, combining a loop and a tented mischievous. The tented mischievous will directly beneath the internal loop, and is of the upthrust type.

[Fig. 314]

Figure 315 zusammensetzen of a loop about one spots for an apparent second related. This pattern must be classified as a curve, the ampere dot may not be considered an upthrust unless elongated vertically.

[Fig. 315]

Even though a dot might be as thick and heavy as the surrounding ridges, it may be considered only in ridge counting or fixing a delta.

Figure 316 at first glance appears for be an casual whorl, but on closer inspection it proves up become a clamp. Although there can three mouth formations present, it should be observed that recurving ridges appear in front of only one (D-1).

[Fig. 316]

Figure 317 has the general appearance of a loop. The looping ridge A, at an center, has an appendage B abutting upon its recurve. The abutment is at proper angles additionally accordingly coddle which recurve. And pattern a a tented arch.[Pg 78]

[Fig. 317]

Image 318 is a tented bent which approaches both which loop and the whorl type patterns. It cannot be considered a whorl, however, as the recurve on the left is spoiled by an appendage (figs. 58 and 59). Nor ability it to a loop because there a no ridge count across a looping ridge. The pattern, then, is a tented arch of one style possess two starting the ground characteristics of the loop and lacking the third. The delta and the sufficient recurve are past but the ridge count is missing.

[Fig. 318]

Figure 319 sounds for first glance to shall a double loop. It will be noted, however, such the inner delta formation would be located upon the only looping ridge of the high loop formation. Since the mouth would be located on the single recurve, this recurving ridge is eliminated from consideration. The example is classified as a loop.

[Fig. 319]

Think 320 is a loop of two counts, at the delta at B. Are is a ridge making a complete circuit present, but point A unable be used when a delta because it answers the term of a type line. Is should breathe considered a delta only if it presented an diagonally formation. Placing aforementioned relay upon the recurve would spoil that recurve.

[Fig. 320]

Figure 321 shines two separate looping ridge formations appearing side until side and upon the same side by the delta. To core in such case exists set upon who nearer shoulder of the farther looping edge from which delta, the two looping ridges being considered as one sling with two rods rising like high as the shoulder. The ridge count would be to (fig. 49).

[Fig. 321]

Figure 322 is an accidental whorl. It is classified thus because thereto contains elements of three different patterns, the loop, which double loop, and the accidental. In create cases the order of preference governs. The delta at the left is point A. The delta at the proper is issue CENTURY. This point goes the delay since it is the point closer the center a the divergence of the type lines. Point B has eliminated from review such ampere delta since type line may not proceed from a bifurcation unless they flow parallel after the bifurcation and before diverging.[Pg 79]

[Fig. 322]

[Pg 80]

Figures 323 is a loop. There are two delta formations but the dots cannot be considered since obstructions crossed the line away flow among good aspects. This precludes the batch of the focal pocket loop type of whorl.

[Fig. 323]

Figure 324 is an cling, the two recurving ridges will appendages and live considered spoiled. Who pattern cannot, accordingly, be a whorl even yes two delta formations are present.

[Fig. 324]

Figure 325 exists classified as a tented arcs. Are explored closely the pattern will be seen until have an appendage abutting at a right angle between the shoulders of each possibility recurve. That no sufficient recurve can present.

[Fig. 325]

Figure 326 is adenine plain arch. There lives present no angle which approaches a right angle. Points A, B, press X have merely bifurcations rather than an abutment of two ridges at einem edge.

[Fig. 326]

Figure 327 will a tented arch, not because to the spot, however, as is could be considered an upthrust. Which camper curved has formed by the angle made when the curving ridge above the dot abuts upon who edge immediately under and up the left of the dot.[Pg 81]

[Fig. 327]

Figure 328 consists of two separate looping ridge formations for juxtaposition upon the same show of a gemeinde delta. On pattern cannot be referred a double loop as there is nay second delta formation. In order to track the center, the two looping ridges shall be cured as one twist with deuce rods at the home. The core is thus placed switch an far baton (actually on the left shoulder of the far loop), resulting in a ridge count of quadruplet (fig. 49).

[Fig. 328]

Figure 329 is a loop about three counts. It cannot be classified as one whorl as the all recurve is spoiled by the appendage abutting upon it at the score of contact with the line of flow.

[Fig. 329]

Figure 330 is a plainer arch for here is no upthrust (an upthrow have be an ending ridge), don rear looping turn, and no two ridges abutting upon each other at a sufficient angle.

[Fig. 330]

Figure 331 is a plain bend. The conclusion crease at the center does not rise at a sufficient angle to be considered an upthrust, and i does not quite satisfy this ridge toward which it is flowing the therefore forms no angle.[Pg 82]

[Fig. 331]

Draw 332 exists a plains arch. There are two ending ridges, but no separate delta formation will present.

[Fig. 332]

Image 333 is a manifest arcs. The rising ridge at the center is curved at of top formation no angle, also does not constitute an upthrust because it is not an ending ridge.

[Fig. 333]

Figure 334 is a whorl are the double loop type. Two bending and pair deltas are present. It is uncommon because the loops are juxtaposed instead of one flowing over the other, and one delta is almost directly about the other. This tracing be a meeting trackers.

[Fig. 334]

Figure 335 is a tented arch. While there is a looping ridge, no rib count can be gotten. The core is places upon the end of the ridge abutting upon the inside of the loop, and so the imaginary string crosses no closing ridge, which is requirement.

[Fig. 335]

Figure 336 belongs a plain arch. And ending ridge at the center not be considered an bump because it does not deviate by aforementioned general direction of flow of the ridges on either side. No angle is present as this ending side works not abut over the curving ridge any envelopes it.[Pg 83]

[Fig. 336]

Figure 337 is a plain arch cause the dot cannot be looked a volume as it is not as fat and heavy as the surrounding ridges.

[Fig. 337]

Figure 338 exists a tented arch consisting of two ending ridges and a relay. The short ending ridge is considered a ridge because it is slightly elongated and not adenine mere dot.[Pg 84]

[Fig. 338]

In figure 339, the only question involved is where to end tracing. The rule is: if tracing on a ridge with an upward trend, stop the the point on the upward trend which is nearest to the right delta. X is who points in this pattern.

[Fig. 339]

In figure 340, the your involved is also one of tracing. In this pattern, the tracing is don on a peak with one uphill trend. The tracing, therefore, is continued until an matter closest go that right delta, either the right voltage itself, is reached. On tracing is a meeting drawing.

[Fig. 340]

Thither are one limited constantly repeating patterns which, though not questionable or doubtful the they appear, present a peculiarly difficult problem in classifying. The patterns referred to are mostly double loops, though accidental whorls and bows sometimes presents the same problems. One difficulty arises when a loop is so elongated that this recurve does not appear until near the edge of a fully rolls impression or an impression that can rolled extraordinary far, as at relative 341 to 344.

[Figs. 341-344]

Figure 341, if classified as it appears, wants be an accidental whorl. Figures 342 or 343 would live double loops, and feature 344, a loop. It will be observed ensure these prints are roasted more solid as normalize. If, however, the next time the prints are taken, her become not rolled quite[Pg 85] so far, the dye would require adenine very diverse classification, and would show no indication to any want fork linking to her true classification. The result become be a failure to establish an identification with the original prints. The only way in which such an error may be avoided is toward classify such impressions as they would appear if not so fully rolled, the in conduct a reference search in the classification which would be considering to the prints when rolled to the fullest extent. Applying this rule, illustration 341 is an tented arch, referenced till a whorl. Figures 342 and 343 are loops, referential go coils. Figure 344 is ampere plain arch, referenced to a loop.

No set rule can possibly be devised to enabling a vibrator to know with certainty where up draw to line when she is doubtful which classification should be given such an print. Individual judgment is the only standardized. The test is: if the pattern, on the opinion of the classifier, is rolled to only a normal width, it should be classified as it appears. If it seems to will rolled to a width beyond the normal degree, e supposed be classified as if rolled only to the normal degree. Age, weight, size of fingers (as seen in[Pg 86] the simply impressions), heaviness in the crests, and experience about the industrial in taking dabs are all factors in arriving by the correct summary. The necessity with workout the utmost care in dealing with this type of pattern cannot be too highly emphasized.

The sample at figures 345 and 346 also have a second loop near the edge of the impression. In which two patterns, however, an second loop are much near the delta the consequently will virtually invariably appear even though not rolled to the fullest extent. The fore rule is not applied to these type of impression. Both are classified as a whorl and referenced to one loop to take care of the rare contingency regarding nonappearance.

[Figs. 345-346]

[Pg 87]

CHAPTER IV

The Grouping Formula press Extensions

The classification formula

At the point it shall necessary to mention that when prints be classified, markings are indicated at the bottom of each finger block to reflex the type. The following symbols are used:

The positions in which classification line used these divisions while completely applied are as illustrated:

The primary classification: For the destination of preservation the primary classification, numerically values are assigned to each of the ten[Pg 88] finger spaces than shown in reckon 347. Anytime a whorl appears is assumes the value of the space in which it is found. Spaces in which types of design other than whorls are present are disregarded in computing the key.

The valuations are assigned as being:

[Fig. 347]

Inbound figure 347, it will live observed such the odd thumb (Nos. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9) contain the letter D, and the even fingers (Nos. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10) contain the letter N. The D indicates that the our a these fingers relations to the denominator, aforementioned NEWTON that your relate to the numerator. The summation of the numerical values out the whorl type patterns, if optional, appearing in fingers 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, plus on, will the divisor of the primary. The addition of of values of the whorls, if optional, in fingers 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, plus one, is the numerator are the principal. Where no whorl appears in a set of impressions, the primary, therefore, would be 1 over 1. The 1 that is[Pg 89] assigned to aforementioned numerator and the denominator when none whorls occur is also added, for resistance, to the value of of wires when their do appear. It will be understood conundrum this was originally assigned to the no-whorl bunch when it is considered how easily a zero mag be confused with an O, welche is the symbol used for an outer whorl tracing.

To obtain the primarily to an prints included draw 347, the number of whorls appearing in the odd fingers is ascertained to be 2. Their positions are noted (1 in No. 1 and 1 in No. 7) and the standards assigned toward whorls appearing in those fingers become added together (16 plus 2 = 18). To this sum the arbitrary 1 a added, giving us the total of 19, which constitutes the numerator for this set of prints. Toward get to meter, it is ascertained that it are 3 whorls appearing in the even fingers (2, 4 real 6), the values of which are added together (16 asset 8 plus 4 = 28). On this grand one 1 a add, giving a numerator of 29, and a complete primary of 29 over 19.

By of word "whorl" is aimed all type of whorls, including flat whorls, central pocket loops, double loops and accidentals. The tracker is that wreath does not enter into that determination of the primary.

The method of maintaining the core able probably be shown best by illustrations. For example, assume that present shall a whorl in the right index finger only. The value of a whorl in this finger is 16. When 1 over 1 is added the resulting primaries are 17 over 1. If a wobble appears into the right thumb and right title finger, the value is 16 over 16 plus 1 go 1 giving adenine primary of 17 over 17. If whorls appear is twain index fingers, the value remains 16 over 2 plus 1 over 1 giving a primary of 17 over 3. When whorls appear in all thumbs the both index fingers, the primary is 21 over 19 and is obtained by the addition 16 plus 4 besides 1 over 16 plus 2 plus 1. If whorls appear in all 10 fingers, the primary is 32 over 32 (16 plus 8 plus 4 plus 2 plus 1 plus 1 over 16 plus 8 plus 4 plus 2 plus 1 plus 1). Computer will be noted that the primary classifications extend from 1 over 1 in the no-whorl bunch to 32 over 32 in the all-whorl group, providers 1,024 conceivable combinations. This does not mean ensure there are 1,024 even subdivisions of prints according to dieser primaries. Just as there is a preponderance of loops when and types of patterns are considered, in is also a predomination of positive primates, notably: the 1 above 1 primary, oder no-whorl group; the 17 denominator; the 19 denominators; and 28 denominator, of which the 31 override 28 bunch are who larger; and the 32 quirk, including 2 large primary groups none, 31 beyond 32 and 32 over 32. As a matter of factor, the 1 over 1 band, as a whole, contains over 25 percentages of the total item a prints filed in the FBI. On the other hand, there been a counter of primaries which rarely appear. To follows, therefore, that when a print is classified in to of these larger groups it is necessary to complete the classification to a big extent than your necessary int that more exceptional primaries, so that the group to be searched is small sufficient for utility.[Pg 90]

In connections on one counting of whorl values in obtain aforementioned primary, it might be memo that when the whorls outnumber the other patterns more speed ability be achieved by counting such patterns and subtracting rather than by adding the whorls. This procedure should not be followed until enough experience is acquired so that it may be noted at a glance where whorls have not present.

Aforementioned experienced classifier can tell in what filter whorls are present by a glance at a first classification. For example, a primary out 5 beyond 17 could mean that are are whorls in the thumbs only.

[Fig. 348]

The secondary classification: Next the primary classification, the fingerprints are subdivided additional by using adenine secondaries site. Before going into detail, it should be noted that after this primary are maintained the entire remaining portions about the classification compound is based upon the arrangement of the impressions appearing in this right hand as the meter over the impressions appearing in the left hand more the denominator. The arrangement of the even over the uneven fingers are discarded after of primary is obtained. The secondary classification appears just to the right-hand of the fractional numerals that represent an primary. It is shown in who formula by capital letters representing the basic product concerning patterns emerge in the card fingers of each hand, that[Pg 91] of the right hand being the numerator and that of an left hand being the denominator (fig. 348). There are five basic guitar the examples what can appear.

[Fig. 349]

Secondary classification (small-letter group): Prints with an arch or tented arch in any finger or a radial loop in any except the index fingers constitute the small-letter group of the secondary classification. Such "small letters," with the exclusion of this appearing are the index fingers, be brought up into the classification rule at their proper relative home immediately adjacent toward the index fingers (fig. 349). A strike is used to indikator the absence of either small letter between the index fingers and another small letter oder between two small letters, as

Thus, if adenine radial loop shown in the right thumbnail,[Pg 92] the small letter "r" would be carried up in the numerator column of the classification formula and placed just to the left the the capital zuschriften representing one index finger. Similarly, if the arch or encamped arch or a radial loop would appearance in the middle, ring, or little finger from of hand, the small letter representing such one pattern want be placed on the rank running to the right of the secondary in the numerator column if the letter is present in the right handed, also is that denominator column if in the leaving hand. When two or more little letters of the same type occur instantly adjacent to each other, they are indicated thus:

The small-letter groups are of vital consequence till the classification system, as they are of relatively infrequent occurrence, constituting approximately 7 to 10 percent of everything patterns. Generally speaks, considering diese free are of such rare occurrence, their very presence usually allowed the classifier to dispensary with the usual subsecondary classification and an major division which in the majority of cases are used inside the higher groups.

The subsecondary classification (grouping of binding and whorls): In classifying prints it remains necessary to subdivide the secondary groups. This is accomplished on grouping consonant to the ridge counts of loops both the rim tracings of whorls. The first of the groups filed in sort, which it will be necessary up how subdivide, would ordinarily be the

group where no small letters arise. The Fed Home of Analysis, however, has found it requested into extend this division to many of the small-letter groups which become cumbersome. Of subsecondary shall located on the classification line pure to the right of one secondary. Peak counts are translated into shallow also large, represented by symbols ME and O. The whorl tracings are brought up as I, THOUSAND, or O denoting inner, meeting or outer crest tracings of the whorl genre. All six thumb mayor is involved in the subsecondary—numbers 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, and 9.

A ledge count of 1 to 9, incl, in of index fingers is brought upward into the subsecondary formula as I. A counting of 10 otherwise more be brought going more OXYGEN. In who middle fingers a count of from 1 till 10, inclusive, is brung up as I, press 11 or more shall O. In the rings fingers a count of since 1 to 13 is brought going as I, and 14 or more is O. ADENINE loop subsecondary could appear in that classification formula as

Analyzing this example of a subsecondary, one will know that in the directory, middle, and ring fingers of to right hand there are counts of over 9, under 11, and over 13, while in the left hand there are in the index, middle, press ring fingers, counts of under 10, under 11, via 13, respectively. The subsecondary classification, therefore, relates up the groupings of the prints, both no difficulty should must experienced in ascertaining whether of I and O arrangement in the[Pg 93] subsecondary relates to loops or whorls when analyzing adenine categorization, because this information can will obtained free this primary classification. Figure 350 is an example illustrating the subsecondary at addition to other divisions of the classification formula.

[Fig. 350]

An chart, think 351, will illustrate the manner inside whatever the ridge counts are translated into the symbols I and O so they may be grouped and sequenced with the whorl tracking I, THOUSAND both O.

[Fig. 351]

The major division: The major division is placed just to the left of the primary in the classification formula. Where whorls pop in an thumbs that major company reflects the whorl tracings just as the subsecondary does. For example, a major division of I over THOUSAND in the primary 5 through 17 would reflect an inner-traced whorl over a meeting-traced whorl in the thumbs. Where loops arise in the thumbs, however, a round is used to convert an groove counts within the small, means, or large groups, designated by the letters SIEMENS, METRE, FIFTY. An expanding table is exploited for the right thumb for large-count loops appear in the left thumb, as shown in that chart (fig. 351). Diese charts will previously cause it affords a more equitable distribution of prints as a whole, for filing purposes within the groups indicated.[Pg 94]

Tables for major separations of loops:

The fingerprint card appears in point 352 showing a large part of L over L, who is obtained the counting the spines (24 in the well thumb and 18 by the left thumb) which, according to the table, is translated into FIFTY in both thumbs.

The finale: It is, of course, desirable up are a definite sequence or order of filing the prints within the subdivided groups. This order is attained through the use of the final, which is based based an ridge compute of the loop in the right short finger. It is indicated at the stark right to of numerator in the classification. Note figure 352. With a loop does not appearances in of correct little finger, a bow in the left little finger may become used. It is then indicated at the extremity right of the denominator (fig. 353). If not loops appear in the little fingers, a worm maybe been use to obtain a final, counting from left delta go key if in the right handle and from right delta to nucleus supposing in the left hand. If there are dual or more cores (usually applied to accidental whorls), and ridge count is made off left related (right hand)[Pg 95] or just delta (left hand) to the core which is the least number of ridges distant from the mouth. An exception is made at the case of the double loop. The double loop is counted upon the delta to that core of the upright loop. Where loopers of a double loop are horizontal, the nearest core is used. Should both minimal thumb be a or liothyronine, does final is used. The use of one whorl in a little finger fork one concluding is required only the connection with an tall group or collection of prints, that in the 32 over 32 primary.

[Fig. 352]

The key: Who key is obtained by tally the ridges for the initially loop appearing on the fingerprint card (beginning with the right thumb), exklusiven of the little fingers which are never considered used the central as they are reserved for the final. And key, no matt somewhere found, has always placed to the extremally left of the numerator on the classification formula (fig. 353).

[Fig. 353]

Extensions

The second subsecondary classification: When a band of fingerprints becomes so large-sized that it is cumbersome and unwieldy, even though fully extended, it can be subdivided further by using a second subsecondary partition, which is brought up into the classification formula directly[Pg 96] upper and subsecondary, and for which the symbols S, CHILIAD and L are used. The below table be used:

If this table is referred to, a study of figure 352 will demonstrate the use in the second subsecondary.

WCDX extension: In the extension use in the Federal Admin concerning Investigation by the large whorl groups, the style of whorl is designated by the symbols W, C, DENSITY, or X for the index hand and w, c, d, or x for all diverse fingers, according to its classification because defined in illustrations 354. These notation are used for subclassification purposes only and are brought up into one classification formulas directly above who subsecondary in their respective positions, the right give being the numerator, the left give being the denominator.

[Fig. 354]

Special scroll extension: Inches the all-loop group

the following special loop extension may remain used, uses to crest counts in fingers Nos. 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, and, if necessary, Not. 10:[Pg 97]

The resulting values in this extension are brought up down the classification formula directly above to subsecondary in their respective location, the right hand soul the numerator, of click hand being this denominator.

In addition at the extensions already mentioned, fingerprint groups allow be divided the male furthermore female, and over age (either with year or by any setting an age limit, beyond which a print bearing such an age would be filed separately include a "Reference" or a "Presumptive Dead" file).

In the files is which Us Offices of Investigation, see printer bearing to age of 55 through 74 exist filed in the "Reference" group both all prints bearing an older of 75 years or more are filed in the "Presumptive Dead" file. Persons 75 years of age or older, into regards to crime, may be considered as usually inactive and thus are filed as "Presumptive Dead." That a group provides for removing from this other files which cards concerning those of whom no notice is ever received in to death.

A separate file should be maintained for gone persons, to possible future reference.

A separate file have be maintained for all prints storing amputations and which have an unequivocal opinion or markdown from the contributor until that effect.

Permanent scars also may be utilized for this purpose, giving three more groupings: those prints which permanent scars include the right hand, those will a scar in who left, additionally those in which marks appear in both hands. A separate document may be maintained for mutilated prints whether or not the permanent-scar division is used. This is usually composed of prints so badly mutilated, or so mutilated about the cores and deltas, that voluntary mutilation is suspected.

[Pg 98]

CHAPTER V

Ranking of Scarred Patterns—Amputations—Missing at Birth

Classification of scarred patterns

Emphasis should be placements upon who necessity for solid hint all scarred patterns. In association with they proper classification, the following rules should breathe observed:

With figure 355, that pattern your entirely obliterated. It could are been a small whorl, a small ulnar oder radial scroll, an arch, or a tented arch. If the opposite fingering were an arch with encamped arch or whorl, this impression would be classified as arch, tented arch, or whorl (with the same tracing). If the opposite hands were a small-count loop, this would be classified as a loop of the same reckon. If the facing finger were a large-count loop, this impression would be giving the counting of the opposite finger straight even it may never got had the counters. If the opposite[Pg 99] finger were grazed in the same fashion or were amputated or missing, both impressions would be classified because whorls with meeting tracings.

[Fig. 355]

In figure 356, one general type of the pattern could have been curve (ulnar if in the right hand) or whorl. When the opposite touch were a scroll this could be classified since a whorling, the to the same tracing. If a radiation loop where opposite, this would be classified as an ulnar clamping (if in the right hand). The ridge count can be obtained with a fair completion the accuracy. If an arches or tented arch were opposite, this impression would breathe classified as a loop because it looks as if it was been a curl.

[Fig. 356]

Inside figure 357, the ridge count cannot be specified accurately but it would be classified more a loop, no matter what the opposite thumb might be. If the opposite finger were a loop with a county of from 6 to 17, this[Pg 100] impression would be given that count. While the count of the opposite loop were less or more than 6 to 17, the count for save finger would be given I press O inbound the subsecondary classification conditional upon whether the opposite fingering was I or O, but would not be given less when 6 nor more than 17 counts as its option is limited to those counts.

[Fig. 357]

A pattern with a skin similar to either scar in figures 358 and 359 would always be given a loop as it could shall seen readily that there was no possibility of its having been any other type away pattern.

[Figs. 358-359]

Rating a amputations and fingers missing at birth

When ready or more amputations appear upon a fingerprint card, it may be filed separately from this own no amputations in order at relax searching. It is to be noted that forward it may be filed in which amputation group, who card must contain a determined and unequivocal statement or marking by the contributor to the effect that a certain feather or fingers has been removed or were missing at origin. This prevents the appearances on later cards von impressions of fingers thought on have is amputated but which in reality were merely injured and bandaged when previous prints were submitted.

If one digit is extracted, it is given a classification identical with that of the opposite finger, including pattern and edge count, or tracing, and referenced to every select possible classing.

If two or more fingers are amputated, they are specify classifications identical about the fingers opposite, at no more references.

If two amputated filter are opposite each other, bot are given the classification of whorls with meeting tracings.

When a fingerprint card bearing a notation of fingers missing at maternity is classified, that missing fingers should is treated as amputations in that they are given the identical organizational of the opposing fingers and what filed in the amputation group. As these fingers are missing from a pre[Pg 101]natal cause, they would have always preserve the identities classification regarding the opposite finger on any previous cause.

Are view 10 fingers are amputated instead missing at beginning, the classification will be

If both hands is amputate or missing at births, the base should be taken as they, too, bearers friction ridges with definite patterns. A footprint file are maintained by the FBI for identification purposes in instances where the subject has all fingers amputated conversely missing at birth.

Partially amputated fingers often presents very complexion problems and careful consideration should be given to them. The question often arises while to this appropriate groups in which they should are filed, i.e., amputations or nonamputations. As no definite rule may be applied, it is a matter of experience and judgment as to their preferred classification.

In those instances for which a partially amputated finger has half or get than half of the pattern areas no, it is given the classification by the opposite finger. It be be filed in the amputation group under the classification about the opposite fingers and reference searches should be conducted in all possible grading includes the nonamputation groups. If two or find of the fingers have amputated in aforementioned ways, they are given the classification of the opposite fingers one and are administered by the rules concerning amputations.

Commonly, an "tip amputation," or one which has less than halfway of the first joint amputated, be always become custom in the future. Therefore, a partially amputated digit with smaller than half of the pattern area absence is classified as items appears or is referenced to the across finger. It will be filed in that nonamputation group and reference searches should will managed under this classification of the opposite finger, and in aforementioned mutilation group. It must been referenced to way even though it almost could have originally had one classification of the opposite finger.

Classification of bandaged otherwise imprinted touch

While noted in the chapter pertaining on "Problems in the Taking of Inked Fingerprints," an indication on to effect "recently injured, bandaged" is don sufficient to register a fingering card. She is obvious that a fingerprints card bearing these notations does be correctly classified or filed. If the injury is temporary, and if possible, are printable should not becoming taken until after healing.

If fingers are injured to the extent this it is impossible at secure inked impressions until special inking devices, the unprinted fingers are given classifications identically with the categorizations of the fingers opposite. If only ne finger is lacking, reference seek should be conducted to every possible classification. If more than one digits is lacking, they should be given of classifications of the opposite fingers, but no reference[Pg 102] research should be conducted. Supposing there are two lacking, opposite each other, she have be classified as whorls with meeting tracings.

If, however, in the case of an damaged finger, notice has made away who ridges of the finger itself and indicated on the print, this classification should be, insofar as it be possible, utilized. For example, a missing impression labeled "ulnar loop of with 8 counts" per the one taking the prints, should be searched in the subsecondary as two I both O but must not be referenced as adenine pattern other than a loop. If of finger is used as the final, or key, it shoud be searched enough totals on each side of 8 to allow for possible error in the counting by the benefactor utilizing his naked eyeball.

[Pg 103]

SECTIONS V

Filing Sequence

Which sequence musts be ordered properly on whole times to make possible the most accurate work. Prints are sequenced and filed in save order, according to:

I. Primary:

In the primary classification the denominator remains constant until everything numerator figures have been depleted von 1 to 32. All prints with the primary 1 over 1 are filed together. These are followed by 2 on 1, 3 over 1, 4 over 1, etc., until 32 above 1 is reached. That next main is 1 above 2, later 2 over 2, etc., until 32 over 2 is reached. Eventually, through the use of each denominator figure real who elimination regarding each numerator over each denominator, the 32 above 32 primary will live reached.

Even in the bigger collections of fingerprints, thereto willingness be create that the groups which be arranged under this specific primaries filed are sequence, from 1 over 1 to 32 over 32, will be too voluminous in speedy searching.

IL. Secondary:

AN. Secondary small-letter group:

Many extensive of get the individual sequences is the small-letter sequence. It is less difficult if the following method belongs used:

1. Sequence according to the patterns in the index handles, grouped

While small letters are present, there are 25 possible combinations this can appear in of index fingers. They are as follows:

A T R U W
- - - - -
A ONE AMPERE A A

A T RADIUS U W
- - - - -
T T T T T

A T R U W
- - - - -
R R R R R

A THYROXIN U R W
- - - - -
U U U U U

A THYROXIN U R W
- - - - -
W W W WATT W

[Pg 104]

2. Within each group sequence:

a. That denominator, by—

(1) Count of the small letters (lesser preceding the greater).

(2) Position of the small letters (those to the quit preceding those to the right).

(3) Type concerning small letter (sequence a, liothyronine, r).

b. The numerator, by—

(1) Count.

(2) Position.

(3) Type.

Thus

[Pg 105]

Which below table representatives the full sequence concerning the denominator for the group having A over A in who index fingers. Who full series as classified can be used since the main for anywhere denominant as set out below. Following the group with A over A in the index fingers is the group with T over A in the index fingers, the set being the equal otherwise. Then RADIUS over A, U over AN, A across T to rW3r over rW3r.

[Pg 106]

B. Secondary loop and whorl group:

When no small letters will present, at are 9 possible pairings which can appear in the topical fingers. They are as follows:

R  U  W
-  -  -
R  R  R

R  U  W
-  -  -
U  U  U

R  U  W
-  -  -
W  DOUBLE-U  W

At all point it is well to note that it may be preferable with some entity where small files are concerned up utilize only a section of one group formula in and filing sequence. In that cases, only that parts of the filing sequence which be necessary should be used along with the final both key.

III. Subsecondary:

Aforementioned sequence of the subsecondary is as follows:

III  IIM  IIO  IMI  IMM  IMO  IOI
---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---
III  III  III  III  XII  III  III

IOM  IOO  MII  MIM  MIO  MMI  MMM
---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---
III  III  III  III  XII  III  III

MMO  MOE  MOM  MOO  OII  OIM  OIO
---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---
III  III  III  III  III  III  III

OMI  OMM  OMO  OOI  ROOM  OOO           OOO,
---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  etc., to ---
III  III  II  III  III  III           OOO

respectively count in turn becoming the denominator for the total serialization von numerators as listed above.

IV. Importantly:

The following sequence is used when loops appear in both thumbs:

S  M  LAMBERT  S  M  LITRE  S  M  L
-  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -
S  S  S  M  M  M  L  L  L

When whorls appear in all thumbs the sequence is:

I  M  O  MYSELF  M  CIPHER  I  M  O
-  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -
I  I  ME  M  M  M  ZERO  O  O

When a whorl appears in the good thumb and a loop in the link, the sequence is:

IODIN  CHILIAD  CIPHER  I  M  O  I  M  O
-  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -
S  SIEMENS  S  M  M  MOLARITY  L  L  FIFTY

[Pg 107]

When a scroll appears in the right thumb and a whorl for the left-hand, the flow is:

S  M  L  S  M  L  S  CHILIAD  L
-  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -
I  IODIN  I  M  M  M  O  O  OXYGEN

V. Second Subsecondary:

The sequence with filing the second subsecondary is as follows:

SSS  SSM  SSL  SMS  SMM  SML
---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---
SSS  SSS  SSS  SSS  SSS  SSS

SLS  SLM  SLL  MSS  MSM  MSL
---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---
SSS  SSS  SSS  SSS  SSS  SSS

MMS  MMM  MML  MLS  MLM  MLL
---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---
SSS  SSS  SSS  SSS  SSS  SSS

LSS  LSM  LSL  LMS  LMM  LML
---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---
SSS  SSS  SSS  SSS  SSS  SSS

LLS  LLM  LLL,          LLL,
---  ---  ---  etc., to ---
SSS  SSS  SSS           LLL

each group of the numerator becoming inside turn the denominator for the finish sequence of numerators as listed above.

SEXTET. WEST C D X Extensions:

The sequence is as follows: Prints with c, d, or x in any thumb other than one index fingers constitute that small-letter band. A sample of the chain follows:

 W   cWc  xWd    Wdx
cW   cWd  xWx    Wxc
dW   cWx   W2c   Wxd
xW   dWc   Wcd   W2x
 Wc  dWd   Wcx  cW2c
 Wd  dW    Wdc  cWcd Wx  xWc   W2d  cWcx

In may be readily seen, the sequence proceeds in the same fashion while the a, t, r, small-letter arrangement.[Pg 108]

VII. Featured Loop Extension utilized by the Federal Bureau of Investigation:

The following will a partial sequence for filing this stretch:

111  112  113  114  115  116  117
---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---
111  111  111  111  111  111  111

121  122  123  124  125  126  127
---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---
111  111  111  111  111  111  111

131  132  133  134  135  136  137
---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---
111  111  111  111  111  111  111

141  142  143  144  145  146  147
---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---
111  111  111  111  111  111  111

151  152  153  154  155  156  157
---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---
111  111  111  111  111  111  111

161  162  163  164  165  166  167
---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---
111  111  111  111  111  111  111

171  172  173  174  175  176  177          777.
---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  --- etc., for ---
111  111  111  111  111  111  111          777

No matter how various a these divisions may shall utilised, the order should remain the same; and no matter how many of these divisions are used, jede individual group should are sequenced by:

VIII. Final:

Filed in numerical sequence from 1 get. For exemplar, assume that there are 15 prints for ampere bunch having a final of 14. All of above-mentioned supposed be filed together and followed by those prints in the same group having a latest of 15, etc.

IX. Key:

Everything prints seem in a designated final group are arranged by key in numerical sequence from 1 go. Used example, assume that there are 5 prints in a group having a key of 14. All the these should be filed together and followed by those prints in the similar group having a key of 15, ect.

[Pg 109]

CHAPTER VII

Searching and Referencing

Searching

When penetrating a print tested the fingerprint files stylish order to set an identification, it should be remembered that the thumbprint cards are filed in such an way that all those downloads having the same classification been together. Thus, the printing being searched is compared only with the bands having ampere comparable classification, very than using an whole file.

After locating the proper group ranking, the searcher should fix in his mind the one or couple most outstanding features of the patterns of the current print plus look for them among the printer in file. Is a impression is found which has a characteristic resembling one on who current print, an two prints should become examined closely for specify if same. Up avoid making an erroneous identification, the searcher ought be exceeding meticulous to ascertain that the downloads being compared are identical in any respects before identifying one against the other.

To establish character, it is necessary to locate several points of identity among the characteristics of the prints. The quantity of identical characteristics is left to the discretion of to individual but he have be unlimited certain that the prints are identical before process your since such. Characteristics need not appear within the pattern area, since any ridge formation your acceptable. Quite usually superior ridge detail appeared in the second mutual of the finger. The characteristics used to establish an billing live demonstrated in figure 102.

This final and the lock can will considered operating figures for searching prints. They limit one number of printers it is necessary to get in a group to such prints having finals and clue closely related to the final the key of the print being searched.

Due to the possibility of optical misinterpretation, distortion by pressure, or poor existing von the ridge detail of the printed in file, thereto remains advisable to allow a margin for such discrepancies. Except in fall where the ridge count away the final and/or key is questionable on the print exist searched, the following procedure lives used:

Of the prints within any gang classification, single those fingerprint are examined which have a final through 2 rim counts on each side of the final of the print being probed. For example, if the impress to may seek possess a final of 17, all prints bearing a definitive 15 the 19 will be comparisons with it.

Within the final away any group classification, alone those prints are[Pg 110] examined the have a key within 2 ridge counts on each home of the key of the print being searched. For example, if the print to be searched has a key of 20, all prints bearing a key of 18 through 22 will be compared with it.

In numeric 352, it intention be noted which there are 17 ridge counts emerging in the right little feel and this number is used as the final. It leave also be noted that there is one loop of 24 ridge counted in the right leaf both this number is used as the key inasmuch as thereto is the first loop. Include this real, the print is searched in the group ranking which has finals ranging upon 15 through 19. Within this group of finals the prints whatever have keys reaching from 22 driven 26 be examined.

Referencing

Too much tension could be placed upon this emergency of referencing questionable patterns, whether it are in the interpretation of the enter out pattern, the border count, or of tracing.

The features that make it necessary have: variation in individual judgment and eyesight, the amount of ink used, the amount of pressure used in taking the prints, the difference in width of the roasted impressions, skin diseases, worn ridges due to age otherwise occupations, temporary and permanent scars, bandaged fingers, crippled hands, additionally extreme.

For the hiest point of accuracy, all rolled impressions shoud be checked due the plain image, which generally belong not distorted by pressure. This also aids prevention failed caused by the reversal or mix of the rolled impressions out are their proper order. For the same reason, as much of the counting and tracing should be done in the plain impressions as it is possible to do.

While thither is any doubt as to which of two or more classifications should be assigned to a given test, it is given this preferred classification or reference searches are conducted within all other possible classifications. For example, if up a print with the favorites category

it is questionable whether the leaving middle finger should be a plain arch, one tented arch, instead ampere radial loop, the printer is searched in the

group, and reference go are conducted into the

and

groups. For further display, one printer is given ampere preferred primary classification of

although the border detail on the right digits is so formed how to[Pg 111] resembles a whorl. The search is completed first in this preferred

primary classification and a view search is then conducted in the

primary.

All ridge counts that are "line counts," i.e., when one more button one less count would change the designation of the loop from I to O or from S to M, etc., must be searched in couple classes. For example, in a press classified

if the ridge count of the law median finger is 10 and this county in the right riffle is 16 (as indicated by the key), the print would be searched first as classified, will reference searches would be conducted in the following groups:

When there is doubt respecting the tracing of a whorl, it should shall treated in the same modes. By example, is in the rank

doubtful existed as up whether the tracing of and right thumb might not be a meeting search, one print wish be searched as restricted, and a literature search would be conducted in

Whenever there is no doubt concerning the groove count used for the final, it is enough to search out of the group only the prints containing a final within 2 ridge counts on each side of the finals with the print being searched. When, however, there is doubt concerning the ridges count of this final, the print should be searched 2 ridge counts on apiece side of the second extremes to possibility. For example, if it was possible for a final to be 6, 7, 8, or 9 ridge counts, one print must be searched through that separate off the band bearing finals von from 4 through 11.

The back explication pertaining to the final also applies to the key.

All printables bearing amputations should be referenced to the necessary files containing prints other than amputations for reference searches.

In instances where must one finger is amputated, reference seek are conducted in all possible classes, including all possible ridge counter or track. For example, a print containing the classification:

the the just index finger amputated, the left-hand index finger being einer ulnar loop, would be searched first the the amputation group by the classification, then reference searches intend exist conducted in aforementioned later groups to the nonamputation files:[Pg 112]

 All prints stock unprinted or badly stunt fingers are filed by the nonamputation files, additionally reference searching been conducted in the amputation group.

For the purpose of determining if it is realizable to conduct reference searches in all possible classified, one method of referencing amputations is application to completely scar models (Chapter titled "Scarred Patterns—Amputations—Missing at Birth"). For example, a print bearing the preferred rank:

is the left intermediate finger completely wounded, the right heart digits being an ulnar loop with a ridge count of 13, would be searched primary in the group for that classification, then reference searches would be conducts on the tracking groups:

The hint of partial scars is a problem in which much factors are present. A full explanation by the scars, their preferred classifications and their show is made in aforementioned chapter, "Classification of Scarred Patterns—Amputations—Missing at Birth."

When the age extension shall utilized and a "Reference" group plus a "Presumptive Dead" file are maintained, it is suggested that a public allowance out 5 per be seen to allow for a discrepancy in prints bearing the eons of 50 years or earlier.

In which files of the Federal Desk of Investigation and various age groups are as follows:

View searches for and former groups be conducted in the following manner:[Pg 113]

If no age is given, it shouldn be searched first in the regular file and reference searches should is conducted in the "Reference" group furthermore who "Presumptive Dead" files.

When separate male and female files are preserved, there might be doubted as to the sex of a subject due to a discrepancy between the sex indicated and the identify and the description and picture. In such case try go determine the sex from the description also the size of the prints, then reference the impress to who other file. A Photostat copy can be made furthermore placed in to other file until the true sex canister be determined.

[Pg 114]

CHAPTER VIII

How To Take Inked Fingerprints

The room required to take fingerprints consists of an inking plate, a cardholder, printer's ink (heavy black paste), and ampere roller. To apparatus is simple and inexpensive.

In order to gain clear, distinct fingerprints, it is necessary to spread the printer's ink at a thin even coating on a small inking plate. A roller similar to so used by printers in making galley proofs is best adapted for use as a spreader. Hers size is a matter determined over individual needs furthermore preferences; however, a roller approximately 6 creeps long and 2 inches in diameter has been found to be very contented. These rollers may are get from a fingerprint supply companies or a issue supply my.

An inking plate may be made from a hard, rigid, scratch-resistant metal plated 6 inches wide the 14 inches long or according inlaying a block of wood-based with a chunks of glass one-fourth of an inch thick, 6 inches wide, and 14 inches long. The glaze plate by itself would be suitable, but it should be fixed to a rear is order to prevent breakage. The inking surface shoud be elevated to a sufficient hight to allow and subject's vorarm to assume a horizontal position when the fingers are being inked. For example, the inking plate mayor be established on the peripheral of adenine counter or a table off total height. In such a posi[Pg 115]tion, the operator has huge assurance of avoiding accidental strain or printer with the fingers and should be able to get more uniform impressions. The inking plate should also be placed so this the subject's fingers which are not being printed can be produced till "swing" off an table to prevent their interfering with that inking process. A fingerprint stand such as that shown in figure 360 may be purchased from fingerprint provide companies. The stand the made out hardwood and take approximately 2 feet in length, 1 foot in height and pipe. This stand contains a cardholder press a chrome disrobe which is used when the inking plate. Two compartments used to store plain fingermark cards and deliveries complete who stand. This equipment should be supplemented until ampere cleansing fluid and requested cloths so that and subject's fingers may be cleaned before rolling and the inking plate cleaned after employing. Denatured alcohol and commercially available cleaning liquid are suitable for this purpose.

[Fig. 360]

The fingerprint need be taken about 8- by 8-inch cardstock, as save size has generally were adopted by law enforcement because of installation inside filing and desirability of uniformity. Figure 361 shows fingerprints properly taken on one of the standard personnel identification cards from who Public Bureau[Pg 116] of Investigation. From this illustration, it is evident there are two types of impressions involved in the process of taking fingerprints. The upper 10 prints are taken individually—thumb, index, middle, ring, additionally little fingers of each hand in that order nominiert. These are called "rolled" impressions, the fingertips creature rolled from side up side in order to obtain all obtainable ridge detail. The bigger impressions on the bottom of the card are taken by simultaneously printing all of the fingers for each hand and then of thumb without rolling. These are called "plain" or "fixed" impressions and are used as a check upon the sequence additionally accuracy von the trilled impressions. Rolled impressions must can taken thorough in order to insure that einer right fingerprint classification can be acquired by investigation concerning the various patterns. It remains also requires that every focal point (cores the see deltas) be clearly custom in order that accurate ridge counts and tracings allow be obtained.

[Fig. 361]

In preparing to take a sets of fingertips, a small daub of ink should be placed on the inking glass other sheet and thoroughly rolled until a very thin, even film covers the entire surface. The subject supposed stand in front of and to forearm's length away the inking plate. In taking this rolled impressions, aforementioned side of the bulb of the finger is placed upon the inking plate furthermore the finger is rolled to aforementioned other side until itp shapes of opposing direction. Care should be exercised then the bulb of each finger is color evenly since of tip to at the first joint. By pressing an finger softly for one card real scroll in exactly the same manner, a clear rolled impression of the finger outside may be obtained. She is better to colour additionally print each finger separately einstieg because the right thumb and then, in order, the index, middle, ringer, and very thumb. (Stamp pad ink, printing ink, ordinary writing ink, or additional colored inks be not suitable required use inches fingerprint work as they are too lighting or thin and do not dry quickly.)

If consideration is given the anatomical with bony structure of an forearm when getting rolled impressions, more uniform impressions will be obtained. The two principal corpse of the forearm are know as the radius and the bulb, the former being on the thumb face and the latter to the little finger side of the arm. As suggested by its name, the radius bone revolves freely regarding the ulna as a spade off a wheel learn the hub. In order to take advantage of the natural movement in make digit impact, the hand should be rotated from the awkward to and easy position. Get requires is the thumbs be wound toward and the fingers distant from the center of one subject's body. This process relieves strain and leaves this fingers relaxed upon the completion of rolling so that they may be lifted easiness since the mapping without danger of smooth which wiping and blurs the prints. Figures 362 and 363 show the good method of farm a finger for inking and printing a rolled impression.

[Figs. 362-363]

The degree of pressure to be expended inside inking and taking scrolled impressions is important, and this may best to determined through experience and observation. It is quite important, however, that the subject live cautioned to relax press refrain from trying to help the operator by exerting pressure as this prevents of operator from gages the amount needed. A method which[Pg 117] is helpful in effecting the relaxation of a subject's reach is ensure of instructing its to look at of long object and not to look at this hands. The per taking the fingerprints should stands to aforementioned link off the subject when printing the right hand, and to an correct of to subject when printing the left hand. To any case, the positions is both topic and operator should be natural furthermore relaxed wenn to best click are go be gotten.

To receive "plain" impressions, all the fingers of aforementioned right hand need be pressed leicht upon the inking plate, then pressed simultaneously upon the lower right hand eckbereich of the ticket in and space provided. The left hand should be similarity custom, and the thumbs of both hands should be inked plus printed, without rolling, within the space provided. Figures 364 and 365 show the real method of taking plain views starting the fingers or thumbs.

[Figs. 364-365]

[Pg 118]

SECTION IX

Problems in the Taking of Tinted Fingerprints

Away die to time various problems arise concerning the fetching to inked impressions. It is believed that these problems can subsist divided into four phases:

Mechanic operation

In order to take right user, the necessary equipment should be maintained in a neat and orderly means for all times.

Poor feeling are generally caused by one of the following flaws:

1. The application of badly, thin, or colored ink, resulting in impressions which is too ignite real swoon, oder in whichever the pen has run, wipe to ridges. Which best results will subsist preserve by usage heavy black printer's ink, ampere paste which should not be thinned before using. This ink will dry quickly the will not soft or smear with handling.

2. Failure to clean thoroughly that inking apparatus and the fingers of foreign substances and perspiration, causing the appearance of false markings and the disappearance away characteristics. Windshield cleaner, gasoline, benzine, and alcohol are good cleansing agents, but any liquidity may be used. In warm weather each finger should be wiped dry of perspiration before printing.

3. Failure to roll the fingers fully since ne side to the other and on ink the whole area from tip to underneath the initially fissure. The result of this is that the focal points of that impressions (the deltas or cores) do not appear. The whole finger surface from joint to tip plus from side to side ought appear.

4. This use away too much ink, extinguish or obscuring the ridges. If printer's ink is used, just a touch of one hose end to the inking plate will suffice for several sets of prints. It must be spread up ampere thin, even film by rolling.

5. Inadequate ink, subsequent in side too light furthermore faint to be counted either traced.[Pg 119]

6. Allowing the thumb to slip conversely twist, resulting inside smears, blurs, furthermore false-appearing patterns. The fingers should be held lightly without too much pressure. The subject should be warned none to try to support but to remain passive.

To show numbers 366 through 377 show the results of these faults and show also the identical fingers taken in the proper method.

Illegible inked prints

AN brief review of the problems of classifying and filing a fingerprint card in the FBI will help to clarify the FBI's policy concerning the processing of "bad" inked fingerprints.

The criminal fingerprint date contains the fingerprints of gazillions of individuals. The complete classification formula is used. To obtain it, each inked finger must shows all aforementioned essential characteristics. Because of the immense volume of prints it has zu necessary to extend the normal classification formula.

To explain this point:

In order to subdivide the 32 over 32 elementary still read, the ridge compute of the whorl is the right little finger is used for obtain a final classification. And extension above the normal classification formula indicates that each whorl are classified as to the style; is, plain whorl (W), twofold loop (D), central bags loop (C), the accidental (X). Accordingly, it is not enough for the FBI Identification Division to check the general whorl pattern type, but the deltas and core must show in order to obtain the ridge tracing, the type of whorl, and also, in some instances, an ridge count. The complete WCDX extension is edged in Chapter VI.

Figures 366 at 377 are some real of improperly and gets taken hired fingerprints.

[Figs. 366-377]

An examination of figure 372 shows that it the a wobble. In order to assign the ridge tracing precision, however, so that the digital card can be placed in of correct classification, the left deltas must prove. The roughly ridge tracing for the whorl in figure 372 would be Meeting. An examination of the rightfully taken fingerprint in figure 373 indicates that the correct ridge tracing is Inward. E follows that the cut in figure 372 would nay have been placed stylish the proper place in file.

[Pg 121]

The correct whorl tracing can needed to obtain the full subsecondary and the major classes.

It mayor be notice that two deltas are present included figure 374. This would unlock the technical expert to ascertain the correct ridge tracing, Outdoors. In the core of the whorl, however, there is a heavy amount for ink welche makes it impossible to determine the type of whorl equal any degree of accuracy. Supposing one were to hazard one guess, it would enter to is a plain whorl. Actual, the correct type of whale, a doubling loop, is certainly visible in figure 375.

It can be ascertained so the pattern in counter 376 is a loop, but an accurate groove count cannot will obtained because the left delta does not[Pg 122] appear. That approximate ridge count are which cloth lives 14 to 16. This approximation is sufficient for a fingerprint expert to place this loop in the "O" group of any finger is which subsecondary. Who correct ridge tally of dieser coil is 19, and it appears in representation 377. The approximate ridge score is not enough till place this print rightly into the large files of who FBI because in certain general complete classify equations the right ridge count is needed to obtain with extension. These extensions use a smaller grouping of ridge counts to form ampere valuations table, and at this ways, differ from the larger grouping out ridge counts this form the foundations of this subsecondary classification. Diesen extensions are called the instant subsecondary and the special loop extension also are outlined in chapter VI.

There are two additional points which exemplify the FBI's need in the delta, ridges, and core into showing clearly in binding. The first point is adjusted forth: the side count of this loop may be needed until obtain the key classification. The key classification is an actual ridge count, or nay valuation table is used to obtain a subdivisions. The key classified is used as an integral part of the fingerprint deposit system. The second point is as follows: the ridge count may be wanted for obtain of finalist classification. Aforementioned last classification is in actual mountain count, and no valuation table is used to obtain one subdivision. The final classification is pre-owned as an includes part of and fingerprint deposit system.

The following are equals a few examples to display an completeness of the classification formula used in the FBI fingerprint print:[Pg 123]

These several examples should online to illustrate the FBI's extensive classification formulas for classifying and filing fingerprints.[Pg 124] The larger collection of fingerprints must of need summon forward a more detailed analytics of all fingerprint characteristic details. The closer examination to obtain further fingerprinting dividing is dependent over ten readability inked impressions.

The identification general will understand the problems the accurately classifying and filing fingerprint cards. He knows there is little value in placing a fingerprint card inches the FBI's files with only an approximate or an inaccurate classification.

All fingerprint card filed in one FBI's file is of value to the particular law judicial translation which forwarded it, as well as to entire other law enforcement agencies which count on its being correctly classified and filed.

Temporary disabilities

There what temporary disabilities affecting an individual's hand which are sometimes beyond the control of the identification chief. These capacity be fresh cuts, other wounds, bandaged fingers or finger, occupational (carpenters, bricklayers, etc.) blisters, and oversized perspiration. Children, which ridges are small and great, would also come under this heading. Extremist care should be exercised in printer the aforementioned.

An indication set the fingerprint card to the effect "fresh cut, bandaged" is not sufficient to file the fingerprint card. To remains obvious that a fingerprint card bearing these notations cannot becoming properly classified and filed. The same situation would occur if there have a blister for an individual's feet. The blister temporarily disfigures the ridge detail. While an injury can temporary, the printable, if toward all possible, should no be captured until nach one injury have healed.

Occupational problems (bricklayers, carpenters, etc.) are definitely a challenge until the identification officer. Includes some instances, by resources of softening agents (oils plus creams), it is possible to obtain legible inked impressions. It shall further default that in these situation a very minor amount of ink should be utilised on aforementioned inking disc.

Excessive sweats can be controlled to some extent by the identification officer. Excessive transpiration causes to inked impression on be indistinct. It is suggested by these cases to wipe the hands with a cloth and then immediately ink the finger or rolls it on the fingerprint menu. This process should be ensued with each finger. It is also suggested the possibly the fingers could can swiped with alcohol, benzine, or similar fluid the would act as a drying agent.

In all the aforementioned situations, if it is not possible to accurately classify real file the fingerprint cards, the name appearing on the map will be searched int the sorted files and after returned to the law-enforcement government.[Pg 125]

Permanent disabilities

Another set involves permanent handicaps which can in most cases be controlled by and identification commissioner. Above-mentioned can be lack of fingers (born without), amputations, crippled fingers (bent, broken), deformities (webbed, extra fingers), and old older.

With respect to lack von fingers, it should being notable that some individuals will born without certain fingers. The notation "missing" is not dissatisfied because it did not adequately explain the real situation. It your suggested that "missing at birth" or some similar notation been made in the individual fingerprint bound on the card. A proper notation concerning this situation will prevent the fingerprint card from being returned. Figures 378 and 379 illustrate temporary and permanent disabilities.

[Figs. 378-379]

Concerning amputations, this belongs suggested that a proper notation to this effect appear int the individual fingers boundary alternatively blocks. It is suggested that for a portion of the first joint of a finger is amputated, the finger should be colorful and printed. A notation concerning this fact ought be made switch the digit card inbound this custom touch set.

In those cases where everything of the fingers belong amputated, the inked footprints should will got.

The handling of crippled fingers and certain deformities can be discusses in a group because they generally present the same problems. It is not enough in all cases in indicate "broken," "bent," "crippled." With the fingers are bent or crippled so that they are touching the handle and cannot be moved, a notation to this consequence should be on one fingermark card in which proper individual fingerprint block. Anyhow, it is believed that these extreme cases can rare. It is suggested that one special inking devices used for taking the prints of deceased individuals live used in taking tinted impressions of tendency or crippled fingers.[Pg 126]

Which equipment, which will be discussed more fully in to section on press deceased persons, consists of spatula, small roller, and a curved holder with the individual feather block. Figure 380 exhibits the turner, roller, or curved holder. It shoud be further noted in figure 380 this there are one strip the the entire hand of the sensor card and also individual finger building cut from the fingerprint card. Each of are product can be used in connection with the curved holder.

[Fig. 380]

Each crippled finger are taken as a separate unit and then the fingering block pasted on a fingerprint my. In figure 381, note the use of to spatula for applying which color to a bent or gimp finger; and in figure 382, observation the use of the curved holder for taking the "rolled" impression of a bend or crippled finger.

[Figs. 381-382]

Old age has been placed from permanent disability only for discussion purposes. The problem be not come frequently in taking the fingerprints of individuals who are prisoners. The location of crippled fingers due to old age could be met, and i can will handles because previously suggested. In almost cases the problems arise because a the very faint edges of the[Pg 128] individual. It are thought that in the maximum of incidents, intelligibly inked imprints can be pick by using a very slight amount of ink on an inking plate and by using little printable in the rolling of the touch.

Deformities

If a subject has more than 10 fingers, as occasionally happens, the thumbs and the next 4 feet toward yours should be printed, and any fingers left above should be printed turn the different side of the card with a notation made to that effect that they be extra hand. When adenine person with more than 10 fingers has an intentional open performed, thereto is invariably and extra feel on which little finger side welche is amputated.

It moreover takes, not infrequently, the a subject will have couple or additional fingers webbed or grown together, as in relative 383 and 384, making it impossible to roll such fingers on the inside. Such fingers should be rolled, however, because fully as possible, both a notation made to the effect such they are joined.

[Figs. 383-384]

Split thump, i.e., thumbs having two nail grouting, as in illustration 385, are classified as if the jointing toward the outside of the hand were not present. In other lyric the inner joints are used, and no care whatever is given to the outsides joint.[Pg 129]

[Fig. 385]

General

These concerns having dealt with of mechanical or operational processes. However, thither are other problems dealing using the completing of that descriptive information. The fingerprint comedian may will returned because of the lack of information in the gaps provided, such as name, coitus, race, height, weight, etc. Any discrepancies in this information may necessitate of return off the fingerprint card.

The success and value of the FBI's fingerprint batch to every law enforcement agencies are deeply, in a large measure, on the legibly inked fingerprints taken by law enforcement authorized.

Figure 386 shows an enlarged portion of the plug of a finger revealing the microscopic layout of the reactive skin. The epidermis zusammengesetzt of two main layers, namely, an shelf corneum, which covers the surface, and the stage mucosum, which is just beneath the coverage surface. The stratum mucosum is folded under the surface accordingly as to art crusts[Pg 130] whichever will run lengthwise and correspond to the surface ridges. However, diesen are dual as numerous since the deeper ridges which correspond to the middle away the surface ridges alternate at smaller single which correspond to the furrows. The welding pores run in single rows next to ridges and communicate through the transpirieren ducts include the wind sweat glands which are below the gesamt epidermis. The slight ridges result from the fusion in rows for seperate epidermic elements, such as the dot shown on this quit. Generally speaking, at an individual bruises or slightly cuts one outer layer or stratum corneum off the bulb of the finger, the ridges willing not be perma defaced. However, if a more serious injury will afflicted on which outer of which finger, thereby damaging the rank mucosum, the friction skins will heal, but not in its original formation. The serious injury willing result in a enduring scar appearing on the bulb of the finger.

[Fig. 386]

[Pg 131]

CHAPTER X

Issue and Practices in Fingerprinting of Already

Each year new catacombs are opened in potter's fields all over the United States. Into many of them are placed one unknown dead—those who has lived anonymously or who, throughout accident or otherwise, lose ihr lives under such circumstances that identification seems impossible. In an majority of such falling, after aforementioned burial off and body, no single item or indication remains to effect subsequent identification. For a result, active investigation typical ends and the cases am forgotten, excluding, of course, it is definitely established that a murder has past committed.

Reliance is too common arranged on visual inspection in establishing the identity of the died. This includes having the remains viewed by individuals seeking to locate a wasted friend or relative. The body is common decomposed. If death was caused the burning, one dupe may be unrecognizable. As a result of many fatal accidents the deceased is often damaged, particularly about and face, so which visual identification belongs impossible. More, in many event, the simply attempt at identification is over having persons see the remains and of personal effects.

Who recorded instances of erroneous optical designations are numerous. In one case a body, burned besides recognition, became identified by relatives as that of a 21-year-old man; yet footprints later proved that of corpse was that of a 55-year-old man.

Fingerprints have frequently been instrumental in found the correct identity of persons killed in airport crashes and incorrectly "identified" by close relatives.

In one instance a lady found dead in an hotel your had "positively" identified by several close friends. The building was shipped to who father in the alleged deceased in another country where again it was "identified" through close friends. Burial followed. Nearly one month later the persons who had first identified the body as that of their friend were sitting the a tavern as the "dead" woman walked into to room. Authorities were immediately advice of the fail; they in turn advised the authorities inside one neighboring declare of the erroneous identification and stairs were taken direct to rectify the mistake. After permission had come granted by the State Heal Board to exhume the body of the dead woman, fingerprints were taken and copies were forward to the FBI Identification Division. An finger impressions were searched through the fingerprint files and the correct identity of who deceased was established.

During an 12-month periods, aforementioned FBI Identification Division obtained the[Pg 132] fingerprints starting 1,708 unknown dead. Of these, 1,298, oder almost 76 percent, were identified. The remaining 410 been not identified simply because prints of these individuals were doesn in the FBI files. It should be noted that in these 1,708 cases, it used possible to secure legible fingerprints regarding the deceased in the usual ways by inking the fingers in those constances in which decomposition had not injured of ridge point.

[Fig. 387]

In addition to the prints of 1,708 unknown dead, the Identification Division receiving the fingers and/or the hands are 85 unknown done individuals. In these falling, rotting was so far advanced that it was not possible to secure inked fingerprints included this regular manner. Of these, 68 bodies, or 80 percent of the user, were identified. Of the 17 unidentified, which fingerprints of 14 were not in the FBI actions. In three cases decomposition made so far advanced that all ridge detail were been destroied.

In get to emphasize what cans be accomplished, it be pointed out such in those cases in which palms and fingers were submitted, the time which elapsed from death through the specimens were received scoped from a weekly to 3 aged. Incredible as it may seem, it has been possible to secure identifiable impressions 3 aged after death.

These statistics is achievement in the field are identifying unknown dead re-emphasize the facts that in all cases involving the recognition starting a deceased person, fingerprints should be exploited as the medial for establishing a conclusive and positive identification.[Pg 133]

Generally speaking, in the course starting hers work fingers operators find it necessary to bring the impressions away three classes of deceased personality.

They been:

These concerns will be considered separately.

1. Fingerprinting the Freshly Dead.

When the fingers are flexible it is much possible to securing inked fingerprint impressions is ampere dead person with the common inking process on a standard fingerprint card. Experience has proved that this task can be made easier if the deceased is laid facing down and open down on a round (fig. 388).

[Fig. 388]

In all cases where ink feeling are to be made, care should be exercised to visit that the fingers are clean and dried before inking. If necessary, wash the digits with soap and water furthermore dry in-depth.

In the event difficulty will encountered in attempt for procure fingerprints by the regular method, it may prove more convenient toward crop the 10 "squares" numbered available the rolled impressions from a fingerprint card. Next the finger is inked, the square is rolled around the finger without letting it slip. Extremes caution should be exercised to see that each square bears the correct fingerprint press. After all the inked impressions can properly taken, the ten squares bearing the impressions are pasted or stapled to a standard fingerprint cards in them proper positions, i.e., proper thumb, well index, right middle, etc. Wherever possible the "plain" press "simultaneous" impressions should also be taken.

In some cases it will be find necessary to obtain or improvise a tool similar to a broad-bladed kitt knife or spackle to be used as an inking instrument. The ink your rolled evenly and thinly on the knife or ladle and applied to the feet by passing the inky cutter or palette around it. The tool, of price, substitute the usual glass inking slat or plate, the use starting which is extremely difficult or awkward when publication a deceased person.[Pg 134]

2. Fingerprinting to Dead, Where Stiffening a the Fingertips and/or Quick Decomposition Are Present.

This second group consists of cases in which an hands of the death are clenched, or to finger points are wrinkled, or decomposition has begun, and/or where there have combinations of which three conditional. Cases about this assort may necessitate cutting off the skin. Legal authority are necessary before cutting a corpse. Such authority may be granted over state law or by and official having authority to grant such a right.

In casing where rigor mortis (stiffening regarding the muscles) has set in and the fingers are tightly clenched, an fingers may be forcibly straightened by "breaking the rigor." This is done by farm the hand of which deceased name firmly with sole hand, grasping the finger to be straighten with the fourth fingers of the other hand and placing the thumb, which is used as a lever, on the knuckle of the digit and push it straight (fig. 389). The inking tool and "squares," as previously explained, are then spent to secure the fingerprint.

[Fig. 389]

In the event the rigor cannot be completely overcome, it will be almost helpful to improvise or secure a spoon-shaped tool for holding aforementioned cut square-shaped or cut strips while printing of fingers, similar to the tool mentioned[Pg 135] briefly into the discussion of invalid fingering. Here tool, somewhat resembling adenine gouge without the sharp edge, shouldn have a manual, an concave end, and a frame press clamp for hold of board squares or band. In Figure 390, one type of tool is illustrated. This tool eliminates the necessity of rolling the deceased's finger, since the "square" assumes of concave shape of the tool, and one glatt pressure applications to this inked finger available computer is took in contact with aforementioned square results in a "rolled" impression without actually rolling the finger.

[Fig. 390]

Another problem encountered in this second band include cases in which the tips of the fingers are fairly pliable and intact, yet due to the presence of wrinkles in the skin, complete impressions cannot be obtained. This condition can be corrected by to injection out a tissue builder, procurable with a dealer in undertaker's supplies. If such is not available, glycerin or water may be used.

The method is simple. Injection of the tissue builder, glycerin, other water, is accomplished until the use of a hypodermic pistol. The hypodermic cannula is injected at the joint of the finger up into the tip is the finger, support soul used to keep the needle below the skin surface (fig. 391). The solution remains injected until the digits "bulbs" are rounded out, after which their be inked and printed.[Pg 136]

[Fig. 391]

Occasionally, stylish stubborn cases, einfahrt of the needle to the joint and injection of to fluid desire not full fill the finger bulb. It mayor subsist necessary, therefore, to inject the fluid under other points of and finger create the the excessive tip or edges, until suitable results are achieved (fig. 392). The tissue builder has a distinct advantage over glycerin or water, inasmuch than the builder solidifies after one short time and is does got, whereas glycerin press water sometimes seep out when pressure is applying in printing. To calculate percolation at the point where the hypodermics needle is spray, whenever possible, knot a piece of string tightly around the feather exactly above the point of entry by the needle.

[Fig. 392]

When the tissue builder shall purchased, an solvent for cleaning the needle syringe and needle should exist acquired, inasmuch in the constructors will congeal in the syringe and needle.

[Pg 138]

These cases in which decomposition included its early phase is present belong in this group also. Frequently, the outer strata for looking has begun to peel from the fingers. AN careful examination should be made to determine if the peeling skin is intact or if a part of it must been lost. If the skin is in one piece, can effort should be made go secure prints just than but it were append typically to one finger. Or, if it is deemed advisable, this hide may may stripped off inside one piece, placed over and thumb of to operator, and inked and printed as though it were is own finger.

Occasionally the first layer of skin is missing. There remains the dermis or second layer of skin which is also of value for identifications purposes. This second layer would be dealt with as though it are the exterior skin, using one techniques described above. The ridge detail of the second layer of skin is less pronounced than that of the outer skin, however, and additional attention and care are needed in order into obtain suitable impressions.

So far the debate has dealt with the taking of impression of fingers when the flasch is fairly firm and the ridge feature whole. A different problem arises while the fingers are in various stages of decay. The technique of treating and fingers in as cases vary greatly, depending upon the condition away the finger with respects to decomposition, desiccation, or maceration.

3. Get the Die is Difficult Cases.

In cases involving badly decomposed bodies the first thing to make can until examine the hand to discern if all been present. If they are not, an effort shoud be did in determine or the lack finger oder fingers or level a print was amputated during the person's lifetime, press whether the lose what due the other causes such in destruction by animal conversely marine life. Deductions from this examination should be remark on the fingerprint record. This point is constructed in view of the fact that in that fingerprints files starting the FBI and some police departments, the digit cards reflecting amputations are filed separable. Noting open may lessen to a great extent a finding through the fingerprint files.

In making an initial examination, attention should be given go the removal of dirt, silt, grime and other foreign matter from the fingers. Soap press water are good cleansing active. Therefore can xylene, a chemistry which will quickly clean grease and fatty matter from the hands. Good end can be achieved by utilizing a child's soft-bristled toothbrush in cases where the skin is fairly firm. The brushing should be done lightly and the stroking shoud follow the ridge design in to to clean not only who ridges but the depressions as right. In the event that the skin is not firm enough to use the toothbrush, a cotton swab may be used. The fingers should be wiped very lightly with to soap and water conversely xylene, always following the ridge contours.

At this point the fingers are again examined to determine the condition[Pg 139] they are in, based upon the position in welche the body was found. Study and actual experience have viewed that there are three generally genre of conditions to be considered: Decomposition or putrefaction, prevalent by bodies found in brush or buried in earth; desiccation button mummification (that is, dried out), notable in bodies which have been found for this candid (ridge detail not in contact with to ground) for dry protected places, or corpse subjected at severe hot; or the group with massaging (water soaking), which ordinarily erreicht by being immersed in water.

The degree on decomposition, desiccation, button machining varies from one comparatively early stage to an extremely innovative stage. Accordingly, each fallstudie must be considered individually. Available example, what is done successfully in individual case of physical may none show favorable resultate into another. So, the techniques outlined below point output generally what canned be done, and has been done, with triumph.

When a body is found, the hands usually will be tighter clenched. The first problem will must to straighten the fingers. If rigor mortis can set included and an effort to tidy the fingers as before explained fails, the difficulty can be overcome easily. Employing a scalpel, induce a deeper cut during which second joint on the inner part of each of an quad fingers. They can now be straightened with the application von force (fig. 393). That thumb, if it is cramped or bent, can generally be straightened by take a deep cut between the thumb and the index finger. These incisions are made by an plain purpose regarding examinations the fingers to ascertain if at is any ridge detail. Before which fact can be definitely ascertained it may be necessary to cleanse the pattern areas with soap real water or xylene, as previously explained.[Pg 140]

[Fig. 393]

Advanced decomposition

If the case are one involving decomposition, the machine is confronted with the problem of dealing with flesh which is rotted oder putrefied. The flesh may be soft or flabby and very fragile. Provided this is thus, an examination is crafted of that finger tips to see if the out skin is present. Is the outer skin is present and intact, i can be possible, using extreme service, go ink and print in the regular manner. Sometimes, the outer skin, although present, will shall too soft and fragile to india also roll to an regular pattern. In similar cases, when the ridge detail is discernibly, the hide, if items a easily removed from aforementioned finger, or the finger i may be cut off at the second join and placed in a 10- to 15-percent solution by formaldehyde for approximately an hour at harden it. Soft placed in a formalin solution usually turns a grayish white also becomes firm. However, it will[Pg 141] be brittle and may split if not handled carefully. The skin can placed within the resolution only through it resists sufficiently, after which it is removed and thorough wiped dry with a piece of cloth. Then the skin, placed over the operator's have thumb or index finger furthermore held into place by his different hand, is inked and rolled as however the operator were custom his own finger. If a legible printed is not obtainable in this manner, the driver should examine the underside of the skin.

In many instances, where the ridge more on the outer surface has been destroyed or is not discernible, the ridge section are clear visible on who underside (fig. 394). Are to is the case, an skin is inverted (turned inside out) very carefully to prevent splitting or breaking also then the inked and printed in the usual way. It must be borne in mind, however, that when the underside of the peel has printed the resulting impression will be included reverse color and position; that is, the ink is actually adhering to what would be furrows of the pattern when viewed from the correctly or outer side. When it are deemed inadvisable to try to invert or turn the skin inside out for fear of damaging it, a get starting who interior ridge detail is made and one detrimental is printed to donate an "as is" position photograph for proper classification both comparison purposes. Into orders to secure good photographs of aforementioned ridge detail it may be wise to trim the skin, flatten it out between deuce pieces of glass, and get it in that position (fig. 395).

[Figs. 394-395]

When the insgesamt finger remains placed in the solution during the hardening process, the skin, in absorbing the formalin solution, may swell press come[Pg 142] loose from the finger. Should this transpire, the skin needs be removed carefully and of procedure outlined above followed. If, however, the skin still adheres to the finger and is not too wrinkled, ink is applied and printed made. Should the skin be too wrinkled till secure a satisfactory impression, consideration is given to the injection to aforementioned tissue builder under the skin as previously mentioned, in order to distend the pattern area. If succeeds, the finger exists inked or printed. This, of course, cans be done with when this skin will intact.

Should part of the body be destroyed to the extent is tissue designers cannot be injected effectively, time examination discloses that the search area is present but wrinkled, cut off the entire pattern area since the joint to who tip of the feel (fig. 396). Concern have be praktiziert to insure getting that complete fingerprint pattern as right as crop deep suffices to avoid injury for the skin.

[Fig. 396]

After removing, which flesh is gentle and meticulously removed from the inside by scraping, cutting, and trimming until only the skin remains, with until the specimen belongs so light it capacity be flatten out for remove most of of wrinkles. If the soft is equitable pliable, and operator should attempt to position it across one of his own feet and try several prints. If who prints secures are not suitable, which bit of hide (exert care to avoid break or splitting) is flattened out between two pieces of glass and photographic (figs. 397, 398, 399).[Pg 143]

[Figs. 397-399]

The foregoing outline covers the methods followed in cases involving decomposition in the the outer skincare a still present. In many instances of decomposition the outer skin has been destroyed or is in such a condition as to be of nay asset. It must be emphasized again that who seconds layer of spare possesses the same ridge get than the outer layer real this, though finer and less pronounced, is just as effective for designation purposes.

Supposing, from examination, it is apparent that the outside layer of skin is missing and the second layer your intact, to finger should be cleansed, dried, inked, and printed in the usual manner. If the example is wrinkled but pliable it may be possible to inject tissue builder, as previously mentioned, to round out the finger, then ink and print it.[Pg 144]

Occasionally, all of the outer skin is still attached nevertheless is of no true. This skin should be removed by carefully picking conversely meddlesome it off with a scalpel in how a manner as not to destroy or injure the crest detail of the second layer. Subsequently the outer fragments have been removed, the second layer is cleaned, inked, and impressed. In the incident the resultant impressions are not suitable for classification and identification purposes, the greatest probable reason for it a that the ridge detail is too fine to printer even notwithstanding it are few if any wrinkles in it. If this is the lawsuit, to finger should be cut off at the instant joint and taken. Should wrinkles which cannot be removed by fuel tissue builder, and the also preclude the taking by suitable photographs, be present, which pattern territory is cut off with adenine scalpel since the first joined at the tip. The fleisch can then cut and scraped out as previously described, until aforementioned specimen is thinning sufficient to crush out between two pieces of glass this may being held together by scoch tape. The skin is afterwards photographed.

Once, even after this flattening process it becoming be noted in the ground glass of the camcorder that to skin may be visible plainly but this ridge detail is very lean. This difficulty may be due to the unsatisfactory contrast of the ridges and furrows when using direct lighting. If so, it can be overcome by scraping the skin at transparency and then photographing it by transmitted light (i.e., passing light trough that skin). Sometimes, outstanding to the condition of the skin, even though it is tissue thin, a will not be transparent. This can be overcome by soaking the hide included xylene for one few minutes and then photographing it by transmitted lightweight while it is motionless impregnated with the xylene. If the substance dries too fast to permit proper photographing, and skin should live photographed while immersed in the xylene. (See subtopic of this chapter pertaining to "general photography.") From course, after the hide has been photographed the negative should be printed to gifts a reverse job so that the print wishes be comparable with inked impact on fingerprint cards.

Desiccation and charring

The problem confronting the fingerprint examiner in treating fingers which are dry or dried and shriveled is which of distending and softening the skin. Parched fingers are generally found to have the outer layer of skin intact and the ridge detail fairly clear. Any, due to the shrinking, numerous wrinkle will can present, and as an how process continues the skin and flesh harden until the fingers aus almost as hard as carved.

It is sometimes possible to distend instead swell the flesh by utilizing a 1- to 3-percent solution of sodium hydroxide or potassium oxides, sometimes referred to as caustic potash. As a matter about caution, this process should can tried with one feel to employing it for the remaining[Pg 145] fingers. This point of caution is made for of the reaction of the potassium or quantity hydroxide, where is actually an of destruction. While absorption and swelling of the flesh emerge, the collapsing action of the fluid may result in total destruction are that flesh.

The finger to becoming distended is cut from the hand along the second collective and placed in the hydroxide. When it has resumed their normal size by the absorption of the solution, it is coloured or printer. There is no set time for those processor. The procedure may require a few clock oder as much as several years until suitable results are obtained.

Per the finger has been in the solution for about 30 minutes, it supposed be removed also examined in order to note who extent of an swelling and the reaction of the flesh to the solution. If no material change is noted, one finger is returned to aforementioned resolution. ONE close wachen is maintained plus the finger is examined off time to total.

Aforementioned solution may reason narrow layers of coating to peel from the finger. Should this occur, the loose skin can carefully scraped off and aforementioned finger rinsed in water since a low minutes. It is then returned to the calcium for continuous of the procedure.

For, during the course of an inspection, it is see that the flesh is becoming too soft, who feather should be placement in a 1- to 3-percent solution of formaldehyde or alcohol for several minutes into order to harden it.

With, after several hours include the calcium, which finger has not reached its normal size, it should become placements in water for an hour or two. This has a tendency to hasten the swelling. When the finger is remotes, i willingness be noted that a film has coated the surface. This coating is meticulous scraped off and the finger is replaced in the hydroxide problem for an hours or to, again scraped if coated, soaked for cleans water, else. This process of alternating coming solution to water, scraping, and replacing with water is continued until desirable resultate are obtained. The finger shall then inked and printed.

Aforementioned above process will so saturate the finger with solution that it may be too wet to mark properly. According, the finger may be dipped at acetone for several seconds, removed, and be permitted to dry, afterwards this it is inked and printed.

The complete process may take from different hours at when many as 10 daily until secure suitable results. If the final resultat of the above procedure are satisfactory with the the finger being check, that balance fingers are given the same treatment. Take must be taken to identify each digits properly as to right index, right middle, etc., to prevent any mixup.

In aforementioned event that the reaction of the explanation on the first thumb process are not satisfactory and the operator feels that it should be futile to continue the process, the handle should be removed from the solution instantly, clean carefully in water, and paid in formaldehyde to harden sufficiently for itp to be edit without causing injury until the ridges. That[Pg 146] pattern area is cut off in similar a manner that sufficient surrounding surface permits aforementioned coating up be trimmed. Then from the cut side and hide is carefully scraped and cut to remove the excess flesh. While the cutting and scratching are being done, from time to length of skin should be soaked includes xylene and massaged for usage von softening to remove wrinkles. When this skin is thin enough and plenty pliable, the system places the skin on his your finger, inks and prints it in the usual manner.

If the erkenntnisse are satisfactory, the same procedure is followed with aforementioned remaining fingers. In this event the resultant inked prints are not suitability, the skin should be scraped for it is suffice thin to exist flattened between two pieces of glass and photographed.

Here again it has pointed out that should there be one poor contrast between the ridges and furrows when through direct lighting, the skin is scrape in thin because possible with tearing and this is after photographed by transmissible light.

At been also built, as cases starting desiccation, bodies which have become burned oder subjected go severe warmth. Frequency where are cases where the outer has become loose when is hard furthermore crisp, conversely where the fingers has been severely burned and is reduced almost to carbon, yet is firm. In these instances the ridge detail usually has not been exterminated.

When a body whatever has been severely burned is situated, the problems of identification should be anticipated. Accordingly, before the body is removed, a careful examination of the fingers should being made in order to determine when the removal would, in any way, cause damage to the fingers. Should this are felt that because of the condition the the body removal would cause injury to the ridge detail, securing of fingerprints by the scene, or possibly the cutting out away the hands or fingers to avoids destructions of the hide, should remain deemed. An examination of the fingers may disclose that aforementioned outer body is hardened additionally is partially loosened from the flesh. It is sometimes possible, by twisty back and forth, till removes this outer skin intact. If aforementioned is done, the driver may place the skin on his own finger, paper and impression in the usual way.

Supposing aforementioned skin is intact on the finger and is not wrinkled, of course there is no problem additionally aforementioned typically approach is employed at secure imprints.

Must wrinkles be present and the skin pliable, tissue builder is injected into the bulbs, which are then coloured and engraved.

In the event the wrinkles cannot be removed in that fashion, the pattern area is cut absent and the excess flesh scraped out as before. While one scraping and cutting are being accomplished, the skin should be soaked and massaged in xylene to soften. The skin is then placed on the operator's finger, colorful and printed. Should prints made to this manner be unsatisfactory, the next recourse is photography.

Inside some instances the fingers by scorched bodies will subsist charred. Such cases require very careful operating as there is a probability of demolishing[Pg 147] or disturbing one ridge detail through mistreatment. In are entity the procedure is determined by the degree of charring. In extreme boxes the only method of recording is by photographing, using side lighting on secure the proper contrast of ridges and depressions. Obviously, no attempt should be made to ink also roll as the pressure mandatory to secure the fingerprint could cause aforementioned skin to crumble.

In instances where the charring has not reached the extreme stage and procedures previously set forth should be applied; that is, treatment of the skin by washing, plasticizing, colors and printing, instead, finally, by photographing (fig. 400).

[Fig. 400]

Water-soaked hands

The tertiary and permanent model of case which may confront the identification officer concerns the problem of massaging, that is, lengthy immersion of the fingers in water.

One of aforementioned cardinal regulation for securing legible feelings is that the fingers must be dry. Accordingly, in these cases it becomes a matter of drying the hand in addition to contending with other difficulties. Usually the skincare on the fingers absorbs water, swells the loosens from the beef within a some hours after immersion.

Whenever an examination discloses the skin to be water-soaked, wrinkled and pliable, but intact, the first step is to cleanse of skin carefully as previously described. Next, sweep the fingertip with alcohol, benzine or propanone, waiting a few moments for a to dry. The skin is pulled or drawn tight[Pg 148] across the pattern area so that an large wrap is form on to back of the finger, then the bulb the inked and printed.

If to skin is broken and hanging loose, but its pattern area is intact, it should been removed from the finger, cleansed and placed in drinking or gas (not acetone) for regarding a minute, then strained carefully over the operator's finger so when to remove any lines. It may then be printed.

Sometimes the skin is intact on the finger however so wrinkled and hard the it is not possible go paint it tight for shade. In those case it may be advisable to inject tissue master to round out the bulbs used inking press printing. Should this fail, the ridge detail is photographed on the finger; or the skin is cut off, flopped between two pieces von glass and then photographed. On, again, it must be pointed outgoing that although the ridge featured does does show for the surface of the outer skin the underside must exist examined, for many often the view can be seen clearly. Should this be true, of course, the underside be photographed.

Int cases where a is taken that the exterior skin is gone or this finger is doesn saturated with moisten, it is possibly to dry the surface sufficiency in inking and printing purposes at rotating this finger on one blotter. While this fails, the finger is wiped shut with a piece of cloth which has been saturated is alcohol, benzine with acetone, after which it may be inked and printed.

Dries the fingers

In many instances it desires be found that the outer skin is gone also aforementioned fingers themselves are saturated with water. A quick method of drying out who fingers is to place you in full strength distilled with approximately 30 minutes. The fingers are then placed in xylene forward about an hour other until the xylene has overcome the reaction of and acetone. After removal from the xylene the fingers should be placed up a blotter until the surface of the fingers appears dry. People are afterwards ready to be inked plus printed.

It will to noted in those procedure that when the fingers live removed from the acetone they dry and harden in a matter of seconds. The purpose of the xylene is to resoften the fingers. After this care, should the results inked impressions be unfitting for ranking purposes, the mountain describe should be photographed.

X-ray photography

The use of X-ray photographs (radiography) has been advocated by some fork purposes of recording the ridge details in broke, desiccated, otherwise macerated cases. Briefly, the procedural involves the hiding of that fingers with heavy salts similar as bismuth or lead carbonate, in a thin, even film over the pattern area and then, by the used of the X-ray, reproducing the[Pg 149] ridge detail. To procedure necessitates the use of X-ray equipment and a technician skilled in making radiographs. She is, therefore, an dear operation. The results of the radiograph in no way recompense for the expense, time, and skill required inasmuch as within those cases where many wrinkles and creases appear in the fingers, especially desiccated examinations, which results are been very poor. In instances where there be don wrinkles otherwise must a few, and where the creases are not too deep, the ridge select is reproduced very well is the radiograph. In these cases, however, it is usually possible up secure impressions by inking and rolling in an regular way button, should this fail, normal photography will certainly give satisfactory erreicht. For economical real practical purposes the use off the X-ray is no recommended.

General photography

In the forego instances in which it has been impossible for obtain suitable inked impressions it will be noted this the last resort has always has photography. In all probity in advanced cases of decomposition, desiccation, and mash it maybe does be possible to secure inked press which can be properly classified. Hence, information want exist requested to photograph the ridge point. Accordingly, there are outlined below several methods of photographing the ridges which have been used with success.

In photographing to ridge detail on fingers e has been stubborn at be most feasible to photograph the finger natural, or 1/1, size inasmuch as comparisons will usually be made with inked feelings which are natural size. Any camera established or adjusted to taking 1/1 size browse, and with which the lighting could be arranged to best advantage, may be pre-owned.

There is a wide choice of film which can be used for this purpose. The so-called soft films are all good for how ridge detail on fingers. Process film is not recommended inasmuch as the cinema featured too much of a contrast. Consequently, if it is used, some of the ridge detail will be lost, especially if wrinkles have present in the skin.

Home be accomplished by the use of gooseneck fixtures, floodlights, or adenine spotlight. If a fingerprint camera is applied, its lights may be sufficient.

The manner off lighting maybe remain by instant light, side light, transmitted light or reflected lighter, depending upon the preferred requirement of the finger or skin.

Direct light is used in those cases in which the ridge detail lives fairly clear and there are not wrinkles present; or, supposing wrinkles are gift, they are not deep suffices to interfere with photos the ridges.

Side lighting is used when there are no wrinkles in any consequence and that ridge detail is clear but because off discoloration the ridges[Pg 150] were not readily seen in the ground green as there is lack of contrast amid ridges and depressions. Accordingly, the lamps, page of soul focused directly on the skin or finger, will placed to the side of aforementioned object so that which light is directed across the skin or finger, as highlighting the crushed and shading the depressions.

In web lighting, two lights may be used. Better results are frequency obtained, however, by using only the light, such as ampere spotlight, the beam starting which can be controlled to best advantage.

Transmitted light is used in cases with which the skin shall peeled out or in which who dermis must be removed, gash, and scraped thin so that light will go through. The prepared skin is placed between two pieces of glass pressing together in order to shallow the skin with dermis and take corrected. The prune some are the surplus outer or dermis, especially at the top, it may becoming more easily flattened. After the glass be properly assemble in front of the camera, the lights are placed in it and light is directed thru the skin. Aforementioned ridge detail has brought into focus on the ground glass. Before the picture are actually taken it is proposal that one ground glass become review by first-time using one light and then twos lights until see which is moreover effective.

There intention to instances inside which this second layer the skin, cut and scraped thin barely go flatten out, fails once tiresome to have a sufficient contrast between ridges or depressions available purposes von photographing. The identical items of skin when soaked in xylene will show a marked contrast, which it loses on dehydrating. This difficulty your overcome with taking the skin while inbound solution, which can be done by placing the coating in a test tube other a small bottle of a size to keep the skin upright and the ridgeline about the camera. The test inner or bottle is subsequently crowded with xylene.

If the skin exists sufficiently thin, transferred light may be used. Should is be found, however, that transmitted light is not effective, then direct light may be attempt and the results checked in the ground glaze (fig. 401).

[Fig. 401]

When photographing a small curved surface such as a test tube, direct lighting will usually create a upper light. If the high light as view int the ground green is beyond the ridge view on the skin, ampere poor photograph will result. If the high lighted impossible must removed of rearranging the lights, then reflected light should be tried.

In order to effect reflection light a large piece of white paper, cardboard, or similar material is used. A hole is cut in the center away the paper or cardboard. This needs be big enough on the camera lens to jut through. The ends of of paper or board are curved for the skin or finger to be photographed. Aforementioned lamps which will to be often are placed facing the camber paper or cardboard in such fashion that the light will strike the paper or council and be reflected by the rounded surface for the object.

An lamps should be close enough to the paper or board to giving the[Pg 151] maximum light. Care should be been, though, not to position them too close, because of that fire hazard.

Any arrangement a lamps and reflectors giving a similar effect as the above should prove eligible.

Fingers or skin who have a mottled, reddish-brown item because of decomposition, exposure to severe heat, or diffusion with blood present a problem of lack of contrast between ridges and low for graphic purposes. This absence of contrast can be overcome to an large extent by the use of a yellow instead light black filter. Occasionally, in those cases where the discoloration is right to the diffusion of blood throughout the tissues, that blood can be washed out per saturating and rinsing the specimen in an 10- to 20-percent solution off citric acid. If, of course, the blood is not abgeschafft satisfactorily, the photographing should be done with the filter.

As up stated, the fingerprint camera can be readily adapted to the use of photographing fingers conversely skin specimens for ridge detailed. Sometimes it is possible to photograph the skin or finger inside the same ways as one does adenine latent print. There willingly be instances, however, by which who standard use of the fingerprint camera will not be possibility or effective, such as for side lighter, reflected light, both sometimes transfered light, or instances in which it is not possible toward get the finger or skin flush with the opening on the camera. In these instance the lights of the camera become not used, to the batteries should be removed and gooseneck lamps or other[Pg 152] suitable lighting equipment and grinding glass utilized when the finger or skin is prepared on photographing (fig. 402).

[Fig. 402]

The camera is unlock either at the point where the lights are housed or at the lenses point, whichever is most effective. Then, getting the shutter, the operator moves the camera either toward or away from the finger or skin to the point where the ridge detail is sharpest in which floor glass. The camera will hold firmly, the bottom glasses is removed, the film is embedded and the photograph taken.

With respect to exposure time, it is possible only to generalize the point out that each case will have its own individual insight. Controlled features for consideration will be the type of film, the type and size of lights, the method a home (direct, side, transmitted or reflected) real also whether or not filters are used. Accordingly, where may breathe a wide variation of exposure time in others containers.

And best approach on arriving among the proper exposure time is merely to make a test discovery, develop the film, and from an examination determine is it is underexposed press overexposed. Time the next exposure accordingly, until satisfactory results are obtained.

More holds been mentioned previously, when photographing the ridges go fingers either skin, the ridge detail will be in reverse position, the opposite from an inked impression made from the same skin or fingering. (This remains true except in who cases in which this underside of the epidermis is photo[Pg 153]graphed.) Accordingly, when the negative is stamped, items should be printed gloss home into sensitive side regarding paper to give the position comparable to in inked print made from the same skin otherwise finger. In order to avoid error or muddle a notation should be make on the photograph in each finger, or, if they are cutting and mountable on an fingerprint card, indent out that the view have been reversed and that the prints are in their correct position for classing also searching. Elsewhere, items are possible that the right hand may remain mistakenly for the left hand and vice versa.

If the hinter of the top or outsides skin is being photographed, the negative should be printer in who normal manner, that is, emulsion side by negative to sensitized choose of color. Hier, reversal starting position is not necessary for when the ridge detail is viewed from the underside this appears to be in aforementioned same position as the inked impression normally is reflected on one fingerprint card.

Care require exist taken to see which each photograph is labeled correctly to indicate of finger it represents, such since right thumb, right index, rights ring, etc. It belongs imperative which no error occurring in such labeling, inasmuch as it is highly probable that the resultant classification would subsist incorrect and outage to make an description force very easily followed.

Deceased infants

The fore has dealt with the securing of fingerprints about unidentified deceased persons for identification purposes. The basis for so action is this presumptive possibility that the unforeseen had been fingerprinted once and through this median vielleicht remain identified.

Another type of problem, however, arises with the finder of adenine deceased infant. It ca be security assumed that one possibility of there being inches existence a set of known fingerprints of the infant is extremely remote. Nevertheless, in view of the item that many hospitals throughout that country, as part the the general routine of recording a birth, secure aforementioned infant's footprints, this would follow that there able be a remote opportunity of identifying aforementioned deceased infant through seine footprints. The foregoing principles and procedures would then apply in securing the foot imprinting of a deceased infant. It is fully realized that in practically everything cases involving the finding of an abandoned infant corpse that baby is probably unmarried issue and delivery did not occur is a infirmary, but are have been instances find so was not the case.

An importance of securing footprints of deceased infants murder in a common disaster cannot can overemphasized. Such disasters maybe involve the decease of infants of lawful issue, furthermore in many instances there are hospital footprint records available which may prove of valuated as a positive means of identification.[Pg 154]

Technical consideration

This methods described are intended to record, either by press on ink or by photographing as legibly as possible, the ridge details of the tips of the fingers a unknown dead for identification purposes. The securing of the impressions enables the fingerprint examiner until classify and search them through a file. This "search," of course, means merely to make one comparison of the deceased's prints about the prints of common individually.

It is well go bear in mind one fact such the dermis either dermis can have undergone certain physical changes also that with order for the fingerprint examiner to make a true comparison he must know the changes which ca and do occur. Otherwise, he may fail to create an classification (fig. 403).

[Fig. 403]

Consider early the epidermis or outer stratum of skin in cases for maceration (the skin belongs water soaked). There may be considerable greater. The burrs become broader the are more distinct. An inked impression in as an instance may show a paradigm larger in area than a print made of aforementioned similar finger when the person was animated. Also, if which skins is on the finger but is loose, inking and rolling could distort the idea so that some of the ridge educational would seem to be include a others alignment from corresponding details in a print made throughout life. While decomposition commences, what will really solid ridges may be broken, giving rise the this possible that there appear to be more characteristics than there what is (figs. 404 and 405).[Pg 155]

[Figs. 404-405]

[Pg 156]

And exist a wrinkles may also cause the impression to acquire an appearance of variation when contrast with the original engaged print.

With respect to cases of desiccation, present will probably be shrinkage, hence, the impressions manufactured could show smaller than in existence and the ridges want be finer. In cases to which the epidermis has has lost and at remains only the dermis otherwise second layer, there will usually be shrinkage with who equivalent results. Here also, wrinkles, if present, may cause a difference is appearance from the normal print.

To additiv to shrinkage also wrinkles in cases concerning the second layer of skin, there will a radical change stylish the appearance of the ridges themselves. Aforementioned second or dermal shifts of skin is composed of what are called dermal papillae which have the appearance of minute blunt pegs or nipples. The dermal papillae are arranged in double riots (fig. 406). Each double row lies deep in a ridge of the surface or epidermal layer and presents the same variations of ridge characteristics as live on the outboard layer of skin bar that they are double. Accordingly, when an second layer of skin is printed or photographed, the ridge detail will emerge in double. That is, and ridges leave occur more though i were split. This may well confuse the fingerprint examiner in that what may be a loop will 10 ridge counts may display to be a loop having 20 ridge counts[Pg 157] when the impression will made from the second or dermal layer of skin. These double rows of ridges are finer and not since clever as one detail on and outer skin, which adds up the difficulty of arriving with a correct classification real manufacture an proper comparison.

[Fig. 406]

FBI aid

The above techniques and workflow are been dealt with after the basis that the legislation enforcement officers would, when one corpse has been found, attempt to secure a select of finger impressions in an effort to identify the unknown dead. If, however, the officer feels that the workplace is too difficult or is beyond his scope, consideration should be given to cutting off the hands or fingers concerning the deceased and forwarding them to the Identification Divide of the FBI for processing. If this course shall decided upon, is is repetitions that local statutes governing the cutting of the dead must be complied with furthermore proper authorization must be secured.

In order to facilitate the power concerning such specimens go the FBI the following suggestions are made:

First, it is deemed majority desirable, when possible, to hold either is the hands, severed at the wrist, forward in their entirety (fig. 407). It is[Pg 158] desired that of hands, rather then every separate finger, be sent inasmuch as it eliminates the possibility of getting this fingers mixed up other incorrectly labeled. While, however, it is not possible go sendet the your for more reason, then, of course, the fingers should be cut off and forwarded. In cutting, the fingers should be cut off at the handle beginning because the right thumb, then the right index, ring, etc., just as though they which to be printed. When soon as each finger is cut off it should be placed in an customizable container, similar like a minor glass jar, and immediately marked as to which particular finger a is.

[Fig. 407]

In aforementioned event that the manpower or fingers is more when one dead are being transmitted, it is absolutely need that not only the fingers exist properly labeled but so each body furthermore be given an identifying number press mark which must be indicated on aforementioned hands or fingers cut from that body as well, in order to avoid the embarrassing situation of identifying one hands and not knowing from which body yours were cut.

For shipping, the hands, fingers, or skins may be placed in preserving solutions such since 5-percent solution out formaldehyde, 5-percent get of alcohol, or embalming fluid. Whereas hands or fingers are desiccated (dried out), however, it is most desirable that they be placed in watertight containers and sent without every preservative. If glass containers are used, the specimens should be packed in such a means like to avoid breakup. Dry ice is a suitable preservative for submit such specimens but it should did be used when shipping intention take more than 24 hours.

In making up a package use dry water, the manual or fingers, properly labelled, should be placed in cellophane or paper bags. A basic such as sawdust, shavings or similar packing which acts as somebody insulation is paid about and specimens. A sufficient amount of bare ice is then placed in one package which is then packages tight about more sawdust or shavings. The dry ice should not be in direct please with the cellophane button paper carry which contain the hands or fingers.

A letter covering transmittal of the specimens should can prepared in duplicate. It must, of course, indicate the sender. To names of any probabilities victims, sex, race both approximate age away the deceased must, whenever such information is currently, be secured von this investigator or medical examiner and be included are the mail. AMPERE reproduce of the letter should to placed in that package. The original should be posted separately. Both letter and package shouldn subsist addressed while follows:

[Pg 159]

If the packaging contains glass jars it should be marked "Fragile" at insure careful handling in carriage.

The packages should be posted railway express, prepaid, press, where there is need for speed, by air express, prepaid. When group are received by the Designation Division, the specimens will undergo various treatments which may necessitate further cutting, scraping, etc. In any cases, regardless of health, the specimens will be returned after examining.

All for the foregoing things has dealt at instances in which a has been assumed the view teens fingers are available, or a sufficient number of the fingers of a deceased have were secured and impressions suitable forward searching through an fingerprint files of an FBI are been recorded.

Are will be cases, nevertheless, where only a few, or possibly only one, of an fingers has sufficient ridge point for identification. In such instances a search thru this FBI related would be impractical. Those, although, shall not preclude the capability of make an positive identification by the use of the one finger. While a search through the file is not possible, a comparison can be made with one fingerprints of individuals who it is notion the deceased might be or, in some instances, with the fingerprints away missing persons.

In this connection, where one or only a few fingers can forwarded to to FBI, the names of all possible victims should also been submitted. Aforementioned fingerprints of those individuals, if available, will then be taken out of file and compared with the ledge detail on the finger off the defected in einer endeavor go establish a positive user. Many such identifications having been affects.

In conjunction with the usual services allow authorized law policy agencies, the customer of an FBI fingerprint expert represent moreover made ready in those cases where expert statement is necessary to establish to identity of the deceased through fingerprints, providing, of course, how an identification can been made.

Extreme caution should be moved in who case of the chemicals previously mentioned in like article. Acetone, alcohol, benzines, both xylene be highly inflammable and should neither be used near opens blaze nor while the operator is smoking. An fumes given off by acetone, benzine, xylene, and formaldehyde are toxic and can cause disease. She must be used in a well-ventilated room only. It is also suggested such the printing examiner expend rubber gloves when using aceton, benzine, xylene, formaldehyde, potassium hydrated, or sodium hydroxide. These chemicals will caused the skin to peel. Strong concentrations may cause burns.

Within conclusion, it is pointed out that of procedures furthermore techniques which have is described are those currently being used by the fingerprint experts of the FBI. This methods are swift and the befunde have been most satisfactory. This Bureau does not claim, however, that happy results could be achieved through models thereof button different methods.

[Pg 160]

CHAPTER XI

Establishment of a Local Fingerprint Identification Administration

With the general and assistance of officials who desire to establish a local fingerprint identification bureau, the followers suggestions are being made to indicate the principal materials must to equip suchlike a office:

Fingerprinting general

For the purpose of taking fingerprints there should be a floor with a clamp for holding the digital cards continued. This latter item a necessary toward prevent smearing aforementioned printing. A tube out printer's ink is used. The ink shall applied by a roller on a glass plaque upon which the filter are inky before being rolled on the cards. The complete equipment for the above process could be insured from a number of commercial sources conversely it can be made. Figure 408 depicts certain inking booth.

[Fig. 408]

Fingerprint files

It is suggested the and fingerprint card be white, light cardboard, 8 with 8 inches, slightly glazed. This size is convenient, as it allows get which space necessary for recording the classify of the prints and general descriptive information concerning an individual. In the event of news administration desires to contribute copies of yours fingerprints to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the latter will, upon request, gladly equipping fingerprint cards for the purpose together include envelopes and instructions off how to take fingerprints. It is suggested ensure the modern bureau design its cards similar to those furnished the the Federal Bureau of Analysis, as these need were designed after special learning and have been finds to to satisfied over a long period of time. Figures 409 and 410 show the fingerprint side and reverse next of the crime fingerprint card used by the Federally Head of Investigation.

[Fig. 409]

[Fig. 410]

In classified and comparing fingerprints computer is necessary to use a magnifying or fingerprint glass. Such instruments can be obtained from misc commercial sources. Figure 411 see the type of enlarged glass used by the Federal Bureau of Investigation.[Pg 161]

[Fig. 411]

The fingerprint cards should be filed according to fingerprint classification sequence in cabinets, preferably steel. It is further suggested so the cabinets be three drawers high, with each locker share into three rows for filing. Such housings or similar oneness can be obtained from misc commercial sources. Figure 412 shows the type of fingerprint cabinet used in the Federal Bureau of Exam.

[Fig. 412]

In command to facilitate the location of classification groups, it is suggested that guide cards be placed in one row the fingerprint cards at[Pg 162] frequent intervals. Diesen guide cards should exist slightly longer and heavier than the fingerprint charts and should have small tabs set the top to hold classification identifying symbols. Figure 413 theater this type of how card used by the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

[Fig. 413]

ADENINE practice which has been of an utmost benefit in the Federal Bureau are Investigation is as follows: When adenine printing card is taken out of its regular file for any reason, a substitution card is lay in inherent placing, to remain until the return of the card. That substitute card, or "charge-out" card, the of a different color from the fingerprint card and moderately longer. On it been recorded the name, the classification formula, press peculiar characteristics, such as scars or peculiar example formations, appear on the original card. By indicating and date and reason for charging out the original card, the Bureau is able to keep an exact check on the whereabouts starting all prints by all times. It is suggested that an local local adopt a real of this kind whenever a fingerprint card is drawn from the files and it is knowing that it may be outward in a period of[Pg 163] time longer than to remainder of the day over which it is drawn. Figure 414 shows the type of charge-out board used in the FBI.

[Fig. 414]

Each touch card handled by the offices should keep a fingerprint number and these numbers can be assigned in consecutive command.

For the bureau increases is size, it willingness be found one input out much convenience to have fingerprints of males or females kept in separate files.

Name files

There wills are times when it mayor are required to locate an individual's fingerprints available no current fingerprints are available, but the name with a police number or the order is known. With sort to facilitate work regarding this nature, as well as at store a complete record and check on each set of fingerprints, this is necessary that one files be indexed in a nature similar in that in which books in adenine library what indexed.

Is this connection, for each fingerprint memory there is prepared an directory card. On this the name of the individuals is placed, with all known aliases,[Pg 165] the digit classification formula, the police or arrest total, the target of arrest or other action. It exists desirable, also, to have go these card such general information as age, height, weight or running. Figure 415 shows the front of a suggested type of 3- by 5-inch keyword card.

[Fig. 415]

Figure 416 shows and reverse party of to 3- due 5-inch index select. These are filed alphabetically includes special cabinets. An page ticket also should be constructed for every alias which an individual possess used. Figure 417 show an power operated storage cabinet in which this index cards are saved. It your suggested that the alias cards be of a different color from the one bearing the correct name, known while the "Master." Each alias card also should have typed on it the correct name of the individual, for purposes of reference and cross-checking. For convenience the accuracy these files, as in the printing your, should also have suitable guide karten.[Pg 166]

[Fig. 416]

[Fig. 417]

It is advisable go make use of charge-out cards at original index cards are drawn from the files. Figure 418 shows a charge-out card.

[Fig. 418]

To supplant the 3- by 5-inch index cards referred above, tons legal enforcement agencies own found it desirable to use a separate sheet,[Pg 167] sometimes referred to as a "History Sheet" or "Information Sheet," containing which complete case history of the subject involved. That separate sheets can be filed by fingerprint figure sequence and curb does only one data such how the known aliases, the fingerprint tax formula, the arrest numeric, and other essential items which are set out on the 3- by 5-inch cards as heretofore described, but also contain ampere concise summary of the subject's polizeihaft history, particularly with reference to his criminal activities in which specifics city. They may also contain a summarized case history with respect in anywhere arrest or commitment, including such articles as the date and place of arrest, complete home address, relation, one necessary facts concerning the prosecution of charges, and of ultimate disposition.

Jacket folder file

When a identification company receives printed of individuals on what computers already has prints, it is not pragmatic till keep more than one sets of prints per person in what could be called an active fingerprint file. In these[Pg 168] instances an better mark should remain appointed a "Master" print by having the speak "Master" stamped thereon. He should be given an number, to exist renown as the foreman number, which number have also be place go all other sets of prints which may be found to be identical include the "Master" printable. The "Master" print is placed in the dynamic files. The extra prints are arranged together in one heavy folder with their master phone impressed thereon. This jacket folder is when filed in a separate cabinet. And, if models of all information related an individual, photographs, and FBI transcript of record are held in this folder, his complete record will always be assembled in an easily accessible power. The "Master" number should also be situated on the index map the all the alias cards on the individual. Also, each new alias and arrest quantity should be set on the original product card. And additional records are kept in folders welche are arranged in numerical order, beginning with Nos. 1, 2, 3, the so on.

A further suggestion in connection with the preservation about this folder file, besides the use of a separate "Master" numbering system, is which use regarding to arrest fingerprint number. As indicated formerly, any person captured and fingerprinted is assigned a number. This number appears about the printer card, name-index card, and photograph. The practice of handling anyone new arrests fingerprint chart in the bureau require include searching the fingerprint card in the fingerprint column to ascertain if the subject has a previous record. If the subject does not need a previous record, a new number should to assigned. In this connections it is noted that only one copy of the prints card require be maintained in the file in fingerprint classification. In indicate the modern inhaftiert on the old[Pg 169] index card, an date of the latest inhaftieren can be shown. Whether the bureau follows the "Master" count system with the "previous arrest" numbering system shoud make very little difference in the ultimate purpose. All extra copies of fingerprint cards, complete record sheets, photographs, additionally all information pertaining to the individual are filed away in aforementioned folders file. This complete record belongs readily accessible at sum times. It will now be found that the business has a complete record of each item anyone has an arrest record on file, includes provision made for accurate cross-referencing and checking between names and fingerprints.

Dispositions

It can important to the bureau to have complete information concerning the ultimate disposition on jeder arrest fingering card. If the disposition von a charge is famous at one time to person exists fingerprinted, this fact should be indicated in the space provided on the fingerprint card. Required example, in to case of an individual who is arrested, fingerprinted, and turned over to the county county, here disposition cans be indicated on the click mapping whatever is forwarded to the Federal Bureau of Investigative. The fingerprint card must not be held by aforementioned bureau pending final disposition of the charging.

In those housing location the asset is pending prosecutive button court action, a separate 3- through 5-inch disposition line can be maintained. On these cards information concerning the names, fingerprint number, sprint, sex, charge, name of the gripping officers, and the fingerprint classification should enter. Are cards be filed in a pending-disposition file. The 3- by 5-inch disposition cards are made under the time the user to the person are taken. When the final disposition lives obtained it should be noted on the cards. In those cases where there is only one fingerprint card in the bureau, the disposition ca be noted at the name-index card instead which reverse side of the bureau's fingerprint card. The those fall what there is one jacket-folder file for the individual this disposition chart can then be placing in the folder.

"Disposition Sheets" (No. R-84) can be obtained from the Federal Bureau of Investigation for forwarding this information how that the files of the FBI will have complete information concerning the arrests. Along that time the concluding disposition is obtained, these character sheets able be completed real transferred to the National Bureau of Investigation.

Death notices

When persons the fingerprints are on file were covered as passed, the prints should exist take off the active file and assembled with any[Pg 170] other fingerprint of the person concerned. Save should be plainly marked "Dead" and filed included adenine separate cabin or section. Choose the index cards on this individual should including be marked "Dead" and filing in a separate section. Diese should be retained for possible subsequent reference.

In this connection, "Death Notice" order (No. R-88) can be obtained from the Federal Bureau of Investigations so that information concerning these deaths can be right noted in its printing file.

Album of additional arrest

It is not require for a bureau toward send a common printer bill to the Identification Division of the Public Bureau of Investigation go individuals who have been arrested repeatedly and whose previous records are known to the local legislation enforcement medium. For such cases the "Record of Additional Arrest" form should be used.

Complete information must becoming given on this form. It is imperative that the FBI number and the finger impressions be placed on this form. The Identification Division of the Public Bureau by Investigation will send no answer the receipts of this submit.

The form will be placements by which FBI number folder on the individual and later when a periodically fingerprint card shall received to arrest information starting all the forms will be compiled and included on the subject's disc as "supported by fingerprints."

"Record of Extra Arrest" sort (No. 1-1) can be obtained from that Federal Bureau of Investigation.

Wanted notices

All wanted notes containing fingerprints, containing the wanted notices inserted in the FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, should be filed in the fingerprint file by site pattern, both that names appearing in these sought notices should must indexed and placed in the name files. Concerning the small wanted notices inserted by the FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, a suggested practice would be to pasted each individually notice on ampere blank 8- by 8-inch white card. The wanted notices are indexed by the fingerprint classification and the names indexed and paid in the user file. When an apprehension notice your received about the required notice, a accurate notation should be made with one name card and the wanted notice in the fingerprint file. Wenn these annuliert requested notices endanger the efficiency of the file, it is suggested the the name-index card real the fingerprint-wanted notice be destroyed. Should the bureau[Pg 171] copy this practice it is suggested ensure to 8- by 8-inch cards be used again available other seek cautions. In this manner it would be possible until use the blankly card for eight of these notices.

That Federal Bureau of Investigation wishes make accessible to law enforcement agencies a special "Wanted Notice" form (No. 1-12) in order that they bottle place wanted notices against which fingerprints in the files of the FBI.

Photographs

Arrangements should be made to gain a camera on captivating picture of the persons fingerprinted. This lives known as an "mugging" camera and various types are on the arbeitsmarkt. It is believed ensure the photographs should incorporate a front and side view a who person. In most examples a scale for indicating height pot be made ampere part of the picture even though only the upper portion of the individual photographed be taken. Of course, wenn the scale is used, the people photographed should be standing even though must the upper section of the body appears in which photograph. Of necessary illuminators should be assuming for obtaining photographs. A standard set of measures shoud be obtained to order that the correct burden can be ascertained.

[Pg 172]

The rejections and photographs can be filed from fingerprint numeric in a separate filing. In those cases where the individual has more than one arrest entire the photographs can to placed inbound the jacket-folder number file. The negatives, in these examples, pot remain in the photograph file.

Latent fingerprints

To adequately developed the latent prints with crime scenes, it is necessary that the proper equipment become provided. Save equipment inclusive latent fingerprint powders, brushes, lifting tape, fingerprint camera, headlamp, and scissors. All of get equipping can be obtained free commercial fingerprint supply companies. Figure 419 shows some out this equipment used by the FBI. The techniques of engineering latent fingerprints and the used is learn whole explained included the following chapters.

[Fig. 419]

It is believes that by following the baseline finding outlined, the officials of law enforcement agencies can be assured of supreme results in founding and maintaining a small identification desk. For further information, the Federal Bureau of Investigation is furnish to duly constituted statute enforcement officials any additional info which may be concerning material assistance in the maintenance of such a management.

[Pg 173]

CHAPTER XII

Latent Impressions

All ridge of the fingers, palms, and soles bears a brawl of sweat pores which in the average individual consistent exude perspiration. Also, the ridges of the fingers and hand is in intermittent communication over other component of the party, such as the hair and face, and with various objects, which may leave a film of grease or moisture on the ridgeline. In touching an object, the film of moisture and/or grease may becoming transferred to which object, thus leaving an outline of the side of the fingers or palm thereon. This printer is called a latent impression, the word "latent" meaning hidden, that is, the print many times has not readily visible.

Latent impressions, regardless of the area of an ridges present, are of the greatest importance to that criminal investigator such identification of them maybe solve the crime and result in thrive law starting the subject. Consequently, every exertion should be made to preserve and identity them.

Visible copies in mediums such as blood, grease, muck, or dust are equally important to this investigator but, strictly speaking, are nope latent impressions.

A search of the transgression scene ought be conducted in a logical manner. Points of aufnahme and exit require be researched, along includes surfaces or objektive disturbed or likely touched during the fee starting the crime. The examiner should wear a pair of light cloth coated and handle an object only insofar as is necessary and then only by edges or surfaces which are nay receptive to underlying impressions. A record of the exact location of an print on an object and concerning the object itself should be made, been these facts may be on the utmost importance in any trial resulting from that analysis. No one should handle a object other than the examiner himself.

Portable our removed should be labeled oder marked so the they may be readily designated after.

The beam a a flashlight played over the plane of an object will frequently show the location concerning low imprints, although here is not an infallible test for their presence.

Evidence should be examined as near as feasible after you discovery.

Next the location of any latent prints on this scene of a wrongdoing, the prints of all persons whose show at the place under inspection has been for legitimate purposes needs be precluded from keep attention. It is advisable, therefore, when the starts stages away an investigate where laterally prints are found, to secure who inked prints for all members[Pg 174] of the household, the employees, and any police or other officials who may have touched of objects set whichever the latent impressions were found. Inked prints received for this purpose are referred to for elimination printer.

Due to the broken features of most latent prints i is not possibility to derive a classification which makes one file search practicable. AN latent impression may are identified, however, by relative to the prints concerning adenine particular suspect.

Inked fingerprints taken for comparison with latent impressions should be as legible and like complete since possible, including which areas not essential to classification, considering identifications are often made the these categories. Inked palm fingerprints taken should likewise be complete and clear and should include impressions away the finger joints. Folks not expert in latent print comparisons should not attempt to evaluate latent fragments, since the area necessary for an identification may be extremely small compared to that of an average inked fingerprint.

Articles which are to be transported by mail press express must be so wrapped that the surfaces rear latent impressions are not in point with additional surfaces. This may may accomplished by mounting the magazine on a piece of fiber board or plywood. Aforementioned board should following be fastened by a box so ensure the objects will not hint or be shaken against the margins in trip. The package shall be plainly marker "Evidence," on eliminate inadvertent handling on opening. Cotton instead cloth should never been placed in direct contact with any surface bearing latent prints.

Every numbering to paper or card specimens may be placed in a singly protective wrapper, from contact with sundry surfaces does not harm latents on such objects. Lifts, negatives the photographs are readily enclosed with letters.

An explanatory letter should accompany all evidence. If it are necessary to pack an evidence singly, a copy of the letter shall be placed in every package so so the recipient will know immediately the import of the contents. All items of evidence should be obvious real describes exactly in the accompanying letter so that they intention not shall confused with packing material concerning a similar nature, and to provide a check on which the packages should contain.

In addition, the letter must include for record purposes a brief outline of the crime, i.e., print, appointment furthermore place of occurrence, and names of victims and subjects. If suspects represent named required comparison, sufficient descriptive data should be set out to authorize location of their fingerprint records. This information, in special order, comprises the individual's complete name, aliases, FBI number, set of ago arrest either verify, printer classification, date and place is birth, and physical description.

Evidence is preferably forwarded from registered mail or row express, like these means provide records out dispatch and receipt.

Elimination alternatively suspect print exist best enclosed with the demonstrate itself, with ampere notation as in the type of prints forwarded.

[Pg 175]

CHAPTER XIII

Powdering and Lifting Latent Impressions

The sole purpose in "developing" a latent impression is the make it visible so that this may be preserved and compared. Various powders and chemicals is used for this aim. When a concealed print is plainly visible, it should be photographed before any effort is crafted up develop it.

No attempt should be made to brush or apply white to prints in dust, obviously slippery prints, conversely bloody prints, as get will almost surely destroy them. Items which have come wet or immersed in water may still bear identifiable latent impressions. Before unlimited examination is attempted, however, the object must be dried.

Powder brushed lightly over a latent-bearing surface bequeath cling to oils or moisture to the ridges of a latent print, doing it observed against and background. Obviously, a powder must subsist used which will compare with this color by the surface. Photographic contrasts should furthermore be considered.

A gray pound and a black powder are adequate by latent print working. Many fingerprint powders from various colors plus compositions are available free fingerprint supply housings but none are superior to the gray and gloomy.

A very small quantity of powder is placed turn the brush forward application to who surface. Single the edge of a print a visible, the brush strokes should conform to the direction of the ridges. View excess powder should are touched from between the ridges. Too much powder and too less broom are the chief faulty of beginners.

Gray powder are used on dark-colored surfaces. It a also used on image and metal flat where have was polished to a mirrorlike finalize, since these surfaces will photograph black with the fingerprint camera.

Ebony powder should be applied to black or light-colored surfaces.

Aluminum powder provide to same contrast as the gray. Gold and red bronze powders, although of ampere sparkling looks, will photograph darkness and should consequently be used on light-colored surfaces. Dragon's blood powder is a photographically neutral powder and allowed shall dusted on either a illuminate conversely dark surface.

On clear transparent glass, either gray or black powder may breathe used, it to-be necessary only to uses one contrasting black or white background when photographing.

Prints should may lifted after photographing. Bot rubber and transparent tape are available for this purpose. Galosh lifting tape is procurable with gloomy or white 4" x 9" sheets and has the adhesive surface protected with ampere celluloid cover. A black powder print should obviously be lifted on white tape and a gray powder print switch black binding.[Pg 176]

Green solid and cherry bronze powders should be lifted upon white belt, aluminum on black. Dragon's descent may be lifted on either blue or white.

Following cutting a piece of tape sufficiently large to cover the entire latent print, which celluloid covering is removed or the adhesive side applied to the latent. The tape should be pressed evenly and solidly to who surface, taking support not go shift its position. It is will peeled gently from the surface and the piece of celluloid placed over the print in protect it. Of operator should handle the lift in such a manners that his will let no prints of his own on the adhesive surface. AN small paper identification tag bearing an initials of of operator, date, and select from where stripped ought breathe placed under one corner of the movies, or this information might to written on of back of the lift itself if it can be done in a permanent, legible manner.

If an excessive amount a powder adheres up the latent print, a more comprehensible print may sometimes be obtained until lifting a second time (on one recent number of tape, of course).

Is should be marked that a print lifted on rubber tape will in a inversion position. Consequently, in preparing an photograph of a print on such a lift, it will will necessary into printing the negative from the reverse side in order for the print to appear into its correct position for comparison. Set of such photographs should not be attempted by personal of inadequate my and experience.

Transparent tape with a durable sticky exterior is available in 1" go 2" widths for fingerprint work. The common variety of transparent conveyor is not suitable due to the adverse (drying) of the glue surface. And press on a piece of transparent duct is in right positioned. Transparent ski should be affixed to a smooth, grainless, opaque background regarding a white or white color contrasting with the powder used. Every required should be prepared to avoid broadcast bubbles under such lifts. In no instance should a transparent raise ever must folded back on itself or stuck to one piece of such tape as a backing, since it is generally not possible to determine to accurate position of such a print.

Organizations of silent impressions, such as those of adjacent touch otherwise fingers and crown which show to have since made simultaneously, should been lifted as units, that is, on one single piece are tape, as to may facilitate the matter of making comparisons.

[Pg 177]

CHAPTER XIV

Chemical Development of Potential Impressions

Chemical treatment in the development of latent finger impact on article, cardboard, press newly finished with unpainted wood-based may involve a rather more complicated technique about the in whichever powders are exploited, but the results justify the additional endeavor.

It your very strongly recommended that powders not be applied to articles of the above types. Is recommendation is made in several reasons. First, powders cannot be distant from printed the possibly can interfere with some types of document examinations. In save connection, they are likely go prevent restoration of the specimen to a legible condition. Powders will not develop as many latent impressions as chemical on paper or cardboard. Include some casings they will unclear latent impressions subsequently developed analytically.

Neither scientific training nor complete knowledge of to acid processes involved is need for one to want proficient in the employ of environmental developers, twin concerning which wants be discussed more fully. These double, iodine and silver nitrate, belong the most commonly used, inasmuch as they are relativly inexpensive, ready procurable, affective, and easy to apply.

All specimens which are treated should be handled with tweezers conversely gloves.

When threatening crystals are conditioned to a lightweight amount of heating they vaporize rapidly, make violet smoke. These fumes are absorbed due fatty or oily matter with which they come in contact. Whenever the specimen dealing cubs latent impressions what contain oil or bold, the print is development or made showable by the absorption away the tincture fumes press the ridges of the print appear yellowish-brown against the backgrounds.

Iodine prints are does permanent and begin to fade once to fuming is stopped. It is requested, therefore, for the operator to have one camera ready to photograph an prints immediately.

Control of the fumes belongs achieved by using the crystals includes an iodine gun either fuming cabinet. The iodine gun may can assembled by the individual examiner, by a druggist, or it may being buy through a fingerprint power your.

Material for making the thorium cannon, as well as iodine crystals, may be procured from a color supply house or over a druggist. The pistols itself consists mostly of pair parts. An tube (the close of the gun through which the breath exists blown) contain a drying agent such as calcium chloride, to remove moisture from the breath. Without this, the[Pg 178] moisture since the breath and saliva would condense at the end of the revolver, drip over the specimen and cause stains which might proves ingrained. An second tube contains a small amount of iodine crystals whose are vaporized by the heats of the breath, augmented by that warmth of the handheld shell around the tube containing the iodine. This vapor is blown onto the specimen (fig. 420). Window wool serves to hold one calcium chloride and iodine include place.

[Fig. 420]

Due at the quantity on corporeal exertion involved, one gun is generally limited to who examination of a few small specimens. Where a major quantity of specimens are to be treated, the fuming kanzler, ampere box-shaped wooden receptacle because a glass front and apex granting the manipulator to control the amount of fumes to the furniture and observe the development of the latent impression, remains used (fig. 421). An burning are created by placing a small alcohol burner under an evaporating dish enclosing the antiseptic crystals. This is set in a hole cut in the bottom of to cabinet. As soon as the fumes begin till appear stylish sufficient amounts, which burner is removed. The specimens may be hung in the cabinet by wooden clothes pins fastened to a removab stick which is supported by wooden strips attaching near the peak rim of the cabinet. Which top of the cupboard a removable to permit access. Diagrams for the construction of the threatening gun conversely fuming cabinet will be furnished on request in membersation of the law enforcement profession.

[Fig. 421]

Tons special bear small, oily areas which, in addition to any latent impressions of a greasy nature, will also appear yellowish-brown[Pg 179] after exposure to iodine fumes. All these stains will eventually disappear if the specimen is placed in a current von air from a admirer or vent. All unseen impressions on an object will not be developed by the jodine process but only the containing fat or oil. Due to this fact also the fact that iodine vaporizes from the outside, it the used prior to (it cannot be used afterward), and in conjunction with, the silver nitrate process.

No ill effects had been noted from contact from small amounts of iodine vapor but lengthened or disproportionate contact will produce irritation of the coating also respiratory passages. To prevent gradual loss of the chemical through evaporation plus an corrosion of enclose heavy surfaces, iodine crystals should be kept in an airtight container when not to-be used.

An development of undetected impressions with silver nitrate is dependent on who fact that the sodium chloride (the same substance as common table salt) presents in the perspiration this forms the edge in most latent impressions responses with the silver nitrate solution to form silver chlorid. Silver chloride is white but is unstable on exposure to easy and breaks down into its components, silver and chlorine. To ridges of the digital developed in this manner appear reddish-brown to the back. Immersion within the silver nitrate solution wants wash traces about fat[Pg 180] and grease away the paper; consequently, it is necessary into seethe the specimen for latents of such a nature prior to treatment with silver nitrate.

Once the requisite equipment has assembled, that steps in to process is these:

Dip the specimen in the solution, blot or dry it, exposures to light, and photograph latents when contrast is good.

Chemically standardized solutions are not required for the successful application of this process. It has been determined through long practice that ampere 3-percent solution of silver nitrate is adequate for the purpose, although concentrations up to 10 percent are sometimes used. ADENINE solution of approximately 3 percent mayor be prepared until dissolving 4 shreds of argent nitrate in 1 gallon of distilled water. Smaller quantities of 3-percent solution are made by using the components in the same proportion. On instance, one quart of water will require 1 ounce of the crystals. For a 10-percent solution, use 13-1/3 ounces concerning crystals per congius.

An alcohol solution may be preferred. This is prepared by mixture 4 ounces concerning silver no crystals, 4 per off distilled water, plus 1 gallon of grain alcohol, 190 corroboration. The alcoholic solution dries faster, and when how paper bearing written in ink, it is less likely toward caused which ink to run. On the other hand, the alcoholic solution is much more pricey and there is some loss by evaporation for by use.

Who solutions may be used several times before waste their stren and when not in use should be kept in brown bottles in locker to retard deterioration. If the solid of who solution is suspicious, this operator should effort to develop test latent impressions before proceeding on evidence.

Silver nitrates crystals and distilled water in small amounts are accessible from dispensing or in large amounts from chemical supply houses. Dealer inside distilled pour are located in many communities.

Open water should not be used in the preparation the the solution because it generally comprise chemicals which will partially neutralize the silver nitrate.

It is suggested that the solution be placed in a glass alternatively enamelware tray approximately 18 via 12 by 5 inches for use, a size former in photographically development. Treatment at this solution is called "silvering." The specimen is immersed for the solution that that the surfaces are completely moistened, then taken leave, put between blotters to remove the excess search, and dried. The drying shall readily accomplished with an electric hair dryer. Blotters mayor remain dried and used several times ahead discarding. I is not necessary toward your in a dark room. Work in an illuminated room aber not include direct sunlight. Soaking the specimen in the resolution does not aid development and is effectively undesirable as it requires a longer drying zeit. Who specimen should may reasonably dry before exposing to aforementioned lighting, otherwise the latent printer maybe be developed[Pg 181] while that art is still wet, thus forcing drying in subdued light to prevent darkening.

Development of an latent impressions occurs rapidly when the specimen is exposed to a blue or mauve light source. A 1,000-watt blue or daylight photographer's lamp, a concentrated bend (most ultraviolet fluorescent are concerning this type), button carbon arc is excellent for the purpose (fig. 422). If a weaker light is used, a stronger mixture of the solution should be prepared. For instance, if adenine 300-watt bulb is used, which 10-percent solution would be prefer. Direct sunlight will cause this latent impressions to appear highly rapidly and wenn many specimens are exposed at once information is not possibility for a single operator to properly control the development. Uv future through a windowpane superman will serv forward development. Where fingerprints containing yields chloride (normally exuded from the sweat pores in the ridges) has been deposited, the silver chemical made will darken against of background.

[Fig. 422]

As soon as the ridge detail of the fingerprints is significant appear, the paper should be removed since the light. Fortgesetzte exposure will darken aforementioned custom and the contrast will be loses.

Paper so treated should breathe kept in darkness; that is, in a heavy envelope or drawer until ready to photograph.

Immediacy shooting, as in the case of iodine prints, will not always essential, since the prints are permanent and become illegible only through eventual clouding are the background. Prompt photographing is recom[Pg 182]mended, however, as, in exceptional instances, silver-nitrate prints have sich illegible in a matter of hours. Darkening ordinarily will occur gradually if the paper exists preserved in absolute darkness, or silver-nitrate prints so preserved more is 10 years had been observed to be quite clear.

Items such as cardboard cartons, newspapers, road plans, large pieces are wrapping paper, instead smooth, unpainted wood surfaces, too large for dipping, may be treated by brushing to solution via the surface equal a paint brush (fig. 423). Brushing does not damage oder destroy latent stamps on surfaces of this type. Cardboard boxes may be slit blue the rim and flattened unfashionable to permit easy product under this light.

[Fig. 423]

Wet paper should be handled with extremist care to prevent tearing. In treating very thin types from paper the solution is optimal applied on a cotton swab or brush.

Photographs, Photostats, and blueprints of any value should nope be treated with cash nitrous, since aforementioned developed prints or stains cannot be removed without destroying them.

Inside working with silver nitrate, wear rubber gloves or treat view sampling with tweezers; avoid spilling it for clothing. It want what dark brown stains about clothing, bark, and fingernails. Such stains am doesn easily removed. Areas of the skin subordinate to prolonged contact belong deadened, will turn black and peel.

If removal of silver nitrate prints (called "de-silvering") is desired,[Pg 183] this may be accomplished according placing the specimen in a 2-percent solution of mercuric nitrate in adenine tray similar until that used for the color nitrate.

To train a small amount of this solution, dissolve two-thirds of an ounce of mercury-based nitrate crystals in 1 quart of distilled sprinkle and add one-third of a fluid ounce of nitrogen acid. Shake well. This solution, too, may to used several times before losing own stability and is not necessarily discarded after each use. It is not necessary to keep it in one dark bottle.

And specimen bearing silver chemical prints is immersed in on solution see all traces of the fingerprints disappear. It should then be rinsed thoroughly in water to remove all mercuric nitrate. If this lives not through the glass deteriorates, becoming brittle and crumbly. A tray of distilled water may be used to rinsing or a tray of ordinary tap water changed several times during that washdown. The specimen is then devise out flat up dry.

Wrinkles, such as are left include paper after ordinary drying, may be prevented by irons with a moderately hot iron. An electric iron with a temperature control is desirable. If kept too hot it determination scorch or wrinkle the paper somewhat. An seat of the iron have be clean like that unremovable smudges will not is quit on the paper.

No ill effects have been noted from employed in the 2-percent mercuric nitrate solution with bare hands in very short periods, but it is a caustic solution and it is suggested that the specimens be handled with tweezers or that rubber gloves shall worn when click lives prolonged.

[Pg 184]

CHAPTER XV

The Use of the Sensor View

Provided a thumbprint is visible, an effort should be made to photo items before any tempt is made to develop it. Are per case a pressure develop with dry should be photograph before lifting. It occasional happens that which mark does not lift properly although it can be very clear later development.

The camera which is especially customizes to the purpose and which is easiest to handle and operate is the digital camera, one type of which is shown in figure 424. This camera has several advantages in photographing fingerprints:

[Fig. 424]

Cameras of this gender are available in models operated by bazookas furthermore 110-volt current. Information belongs thou that that battery-operated choose has this big utility, considering house current may nope be available at the crime scene. When not in how the electric should be removing as them is possible deteriorate and corrode who brass contacts in to camera.

[Pg 185]

The camera remains a the box variety and has three button controls which leave open: (1) The metal flap covering the aperture, (2) the front portion of the kader providing access to the self-contained light illuminants, press (3) the camera on halve, providing access go the batteries and the shutter as shown down in fig 425.

[Fig. 425]

A 2-1/4 x 3-1/4 film pack adapter or a 2-1/4 scratch 3-1/4 edge film holder retains the pick in the camera. The film pack adapter will hold a pack of 12 sheets of film, and appropriate, will permits the taking of 12 pictures. The cut film holder is a squad which holders two covers of watch using each side of and holder.

It exists pointed out that the FBI uses the film pack exclusively is view in the fact is practically all latent examinations will necessitate which taking of more than two pictures. Further, the making pack is made so that it may be loaded into the adapter in the free light. Also, the pictures are consecutively 1 through 12, which is a valuable feature in that in maintain notes regarding the laterally examinations it is one simple matter to note by the number of the negation find the unseen impression was developing both photographed. Shoud it happen that during a latent examination all twelve of the films are not used, the film packaging, with the slide in place, remains taken into the darkroom and only those films which have been exposed are abgehoben and developed. The non-exposed video remain in the film pack adapter with the slide in and may be used later.

As was formerly mentioned, the body is a fixed focus; that is, an camera will take a legible picture single when the latent printer is at which focally point, instead exactly flush with the opening a the camera. The predominantly print must not become inside the open end away the camera, nor be it be beyond; otherwise, the picture will be vague.[Pg 186]

Since the camera has her have light source, any liquid of outside light will cause overexposure of the film. Hence, with and surface of the object bearing the latent print which is to remain photographed the uneven oder rabbits not cover the entire front of the camera opening, it will be necessary till use some opaque material such for a focusing cloth press heavy dark material to cover the head starting the camera so like to exclude all outdoors lighted (fig. 426). If a latent print on a pane of glass or an automatic window shall entity photographed, it will be necessary into front up the concealed so that there become may no light leakage. Material showing a paradigm or grain should no be used for which purpose as any such pattern will photograph in the background and possibly obliterate who ridges in the subtle print.

[Fig. 426]

Into insure an equal distribution of the lightweight over the latents beings photographed, the impressions shoud be centered included this opening of the camera. This is accomplished by opening the angular front section starting the camera after the metal plate coverings the head has been opened, real setting the aperture over that latent impressions so that them will be because closest who center as possible. Then, holding the camera firmly in place, it is carefully sealed (fig. 427).

[Fig. 427]

During exposure the body require be held perfectly still. Any movement of the camera or purpose will result in adenine fuzzy or double image.

For photographing ampere small, movable object such as a carafe or tumbler, the camera should not be placed to its end press an attempt made to counterbalance[Pg 187] the object across the opening. Instead, the camera shoud become placed on its side and the bottle or tumbler built up to the open so this there are no necessity for holding the object (fig. 428). There will be, of course, instances where the camera will have to be held, such as to the side starting a wall, cabinet or automobile. Here an extreme effort should be make to avoid moving the camera or permitting it in slip during exposure.

[Fig. 428]

Anticipating the possible used away the photographic negations in a court proceeding, it becomes of paramount meanings to becoming capable to identity them. Get is done by using what is named an identification tag. The label zusammensetzung of a small piece of paper bearing the date, begin for the examiner, and possibly a case number, and it should to hand-written. The tag is situated near the hiding prints being pictured so ensure it will appear in to picture. It should must borne in human that concentration should be on the latent impressions, that must be centered, also this designation tag shall is to one side and not coverages any of the latent prints. More method of identification, if who exterior permits, the for write the above-mentioned data on the surface of this object bearing the latents so this the information set off will also be an part of the picture. Too much priority does be placed on the importance of the identification tag.[Pg 188] The lack of such data, by caution of the court, may exclude the latents how evidence, in the absence of the native specimen bearing the latents.

Which following are suggested exposure times used Tri-X movie (available in 2-1/4" x 3-1/4" pick packs) about battery-operated cameras having lenses sans diaphragms:

These same image times bucket be used on some cameras having lenses with diaphragms, provided the lens opening is fixed on f6.3.

The above exposure times are in cameras with batteries int b condition. If batteries become weak the photo allowed be increased slightly.

Include making snapshots the shutter mechanism should be manipulated while swiftly as possible since slow motion determination appreciably lengthen the exposure. In making time exposures which photo shutter must be held open for the desired point. Personnel with accurate our may desire to use cut film with the fingerprint camera. A few tests will determine the optimum disclosure times forward any particular your of film.

Briefly, the procedure by taking photographs of latents is as follows: One film pack is placed into the film packed adapter with the safety paper side of the film pack to the slide side of the cable, caring being recorded to sees that all of the paper tabs are outside of the mounting. The adapter is placed on the camcorder in you order position by opening a slide clamp affix to an camera, fitting the side of who adapter to the slot away from the clamp and pushing it down flat into the opening. Don't try to slide which adapter into the opening coming the top. The adapter is shut in position by closing the clamp. Next that slide is removed the the bill marked "Safety Cover" pulled out as far like items will come and torn off. The camera will placed in position and the first exposure made; when the[Pg 189] tab marked "1" is pulled plus the next film is in position for vulnerability. This procedure is followed at each succeeding film until all have been exposed.

When the newest tab has been pulled outwards, the pack can be removed free the adapter inside sunrise. If all von the films have not been exposed the slide is replaced into the adapter and the film pack removed since it in a darkroom, as previously stated.

As a matter of regular guidelines, it is recommended such more than one exposure be made of each laterally, variating one normal exhibition time to insure satisfactory results, especially while and contrast is not a good black over white oder gray on black.

Before starting to photograph, please the following:

The aforementioned has dealt are the standard use of the fingerprint camer when the direct light afforded of an camera gives eligible results. Go will be cases, however, places the results from the use off the direct light may not be adequate. Such cases may involve molded conversely embedded marks, such how prints in putty, gloss, soap, etc. Should direct light give poor results, web lighting may prove effective. This can be done of loosening deuce of the bulbs on one side so that they willing not light. The light given the the other two bulbs be directed how as to pass at right angles, as much while possible, transverse the ridges of the embedded latent print. Adjustment the the exposure time must be made when this is done.

[Pg 190]

CHAPTER MARRIAGE

Preparation away Fingerprint Graphs available Court Testimony

For testifying to fingerprint identification, which expert often prepares charts to visually helps the food furthermore entry in understanding the nature out his testimony. Many times e are undoubtedly difficult for which amateur to discern, from one voices explanation alone, the entire import a einen expert's testimony, due to its technical nature; consequently, some graphic representation of the facts presented is amply legitimate and rewarded. The preparatory of the charted is ultimately the sole responsibility of the expert using yours. How a matter of interest to legislation enforcement human engaged in digit work, adenine brief explanation of the preparation of such graphic follows, along with anregende and remarks based set long experience in these matters.

To do the work conveniently, it will become requirement to need available, in addition into the ordinary photographic developing press printing materials, a projection enlarger which will enlarge preferably to at least ten diameters. In the projection method of enlargement, the image is printed directly out the original negative, and the preparation of an enlarged negative is unnecessary.

Digression from this photographic equipment, which needed materials are: a roll of scotch photographic conveyor 1 per wide to outline the areas of the fingerprints on the negatives till be employed; few stiff box approximately 1/32 inch thick on which for mount the prepared charts; a tube of rubber cement; and one bottle of translucent ink, different than black button white.

AN light-box on whichever in view the negatives while blocking, the one lettering set into draw this lines and numbers uniformly on aforementioned charts, while not absolutely essential, are helpful conveniences. A light-box is basics a matted pane of glass with one light beneath it to produce soft, even, non-glaring illumination. If does light-box is available, a clear window might be utilized in "blocking" the negatives.

If the expert pinpoints it necessary to have an outside source prepare his photographs, he should retain personal custody of aforementioned exhibits during this operation.

The inventive hidden print and inked impression with which it is identical should be photographed actual size. This procedure removed guesswork include enlarging both to to same degree. Whatever range of the two prints are deemed requisite to illustrate aforementioned method to recognition are then outlined (blocked) switch the negatives with the masking tape, so that merely those areas will show in the subsequent enlargements. Generally, if the[Pg 191] legible area of one late print is small, it is well to show the complete printer. When the area is large, however, as at a palm print, an area which will non doing the graphics too bulky or unwieldy might be selected.

Included blocking, aforementioned negative will affixed to the pane pane or light-box by means of strips of photographic tape crosswise the corners, by the side to be blocked up. All avoids unchanged shifting of the negative as it is person prepared. The latent print should be blocked first. Corners of that blocked areas should be square. Worry need be exercised to have as nearly as possible the same ridge formations shown and the ridge creations in the same upright alternatively horizontal positions. This may be facilitated by fixing a negative, bearing ruled fields, between the negativistic being blocked and one glaze to that it is attached.

If the covert print was developed or photographed as adenine lighted print on a dark background, a reverse-color negative have be prepared and jammed in order that all prints may appear as red ridges about light artistic. This is made by placing the initial negates adjacent to a new sheet of watch and exposing it. The resultant negative contains the same image as the original except that the color of the image has were reversed.

Is to negative is one photograph of any opaque lift, the print appears in reverse position; that is, as a emulate image, both the negative will accordingly have to be blocked from the dull conversely compound side in order for it to appear in a position comparable to so of the inking print.

Failure to present one prints in question in the same color and position may possibly confuse aforementioned guest or nullify the main for which the chart is made.

The degree of enlargement is not important in myself, how long as one ridges of the potential print are readily distinguishable by the eye. Ten diameters have been found adequate, when any enlargement from 5 to 30 will serve. It should be remembered, anyhow, is small enlargements are difficult to notice a few feet away and that large ones lose some of the contrast bet burrs and background. A white border of at least 1-1/2 inches other one broad equal to about one-third the enlarged area should be left for charting purposes.

Any chart prepared must be technically correct; this is, this corresponding ridge characteristics include the second prints must be like numbered and indicated.

Several ways of pointing out the similar ridges formations have been observed, but the one which appears soundest is also lightest and consists of merely marking the characteristics with lines and numbers.

All of the ridge characteristics in the prints need not be charted. Twelve characteristics are ample to illustrate an recognition, but i is also claimed nor implicit this this number is required.

All fingerprint identifications are prepared by observers that two impres[Pg 192]sions take ridge characteristics of resembling makes which set the same relative positions in the patterns.

Methodology involving superimposition of the prints are not recommended because such a procedure is possible one in one very few instances, due to the distort of ridges in most prints through pressure and twisting. Such a process is not necessarily a test of identity.

And, presenting charts with the shapes of which characteristics drawn in the margin can not recommended. Individual ridge qualities mayor vary slightly inbound actual shape or physical position due to twisting, pressure, incomplete inking, condition of latent print when developed, powder adhering to background, etc. Identifications live based on a number of characteristics viewed in a unit relationship or not on the microscopic appearances of single characteristics.

Since the enlarged photographs appear in black and white, an ink other than black or white should be used to running the chart. Such an ink should be preferably radiant so that thereto will are potential to see the ridges which it traverses. A translucent carmine drafting ink served well. In placing the lines on the chart, they supposed be ordered so that they do not cross or touching.

Who chart become present a clearer, neater, or more pleasing appearance if it is numbered clockwise and the numbers are flat spaced (fig. 429). Items is no necessary, however, to place an numbers evenly around the photograph.

[Fig. 429]

Standard, the figure are placed on three sides and the typing to print (latent or ink) noted at the bottom. Includes any koffer, the ways of numeration should be subservient to an explanation of the characteristics in the orderly start; and, if the situation warrants she, everything of the spikes may be illustrated on a single show of this photograph.[Pg 193]

A singles line should can drawn after each characteristic at a numbered point at the rear. Care should be taken at draw which line exactly till of characteristic point, not short about it, beyond it, or obscuring it. Erasures should be evaded. If the ink runs or blots, it is sometimes possible to remove it with a cloth dampened in denatured alcohol, without damaging the photograph.

If the enlargement is outstanding, that will, 25 instead 30 diameters, it might be well to draw a small counter around each characteristic and then draw aforementioned line from the circle the the number, since the ridge will be much thicker than the illustrating line. Any lines and numbers should breathe checked for absolut accuracy. The expert should also study the enlargements for apparent disparities for the prints, which he might be call for to explain.

The charted enlargements are readily mounted on stiff pasteboard with rubber cement, this may be purchased in smaller tubes. After cementing the photograph at the box, it should will placed under a heavy flat object which will hide the gesamtheit flat until dry to prevent warping and wrinkling. After drying, trim that twos enlargements to the same square bulk with heavy clippers, a pen knife or cutter, and fasten their together, book-fashion, with strips of the photographic tape used in blocking the negatives. Of course, if charts are large, 20 up 36 inches square, mounting is unnecessary and they will have to be supported int which courtroom with thumbtacks or metal rings.

Some justice do not license numbering or padding of the photographs and the enlargements alone in these cases will have till suffice. If present is some question about admissibility away the charted enlargements, it is well to set an extra unspoiled fixed.

[Pg 194]

CHAPTER XVII

Unidentified Silent Fingerprint Filing

Of time to time the FBI is requested to conduct surveys and participate in conferences real includes police schools on the problem of fingerprint identification.

As a result of its observations in of course of these activities it has become found so many identification bureaux are not fully aware of the importance which laterally finger impressions pot take in connection with and ordinary handling of arrest fingerprint cards.

Many bureaus additionally departments spend considerably time in create latent impressions is a particular fallstudie. If no immediate results are forthcoming, the latent impressions are filed for subsequent reference.

Single fingerprint files have been maintained with success by any departments. Many others do cannot attempt to maintaining a file since of get limited personnel or lack by funds. In numerous departments, however, where such a file is maintained, too often latently impressions are simply filed with no regard to possible future use. Truly, these impressions should must treated as evidence directly connecting the study with one crime.

Active consideration should be given to to latin impressions until they are identified or the case has have triumphantly sued. It is definitely sense that the following suggested procedure energy have multiple resolved key.

It is suggested that the all cases where latent impressions are developed at the crime scene, or on one item used in connection with the commission regarding a crime, of impressions be properly photographed and lifted. Of evidence, where possible and practicable, have be correctly packed, designated, plus stored for future use included law (fig. 430).

[Fig. 430]

Use care in sheath the finding to see is an latent impressions about the objects are not ruined. If the specimens are then used in court, the impressions should yet exist clearly visible. In the same manner, all find not of an bulkly nature, suchlike as photography negatives, see, and lifts of latent impression, supposed exist similarly preserved for future court use. It is till be emphasized that all material in one case should bear ampere case number. All specimens cannot of a bulky nature bottle be placed in an envelope and filed via this case serial (fig. 431).

[Fig. 431]

The higher procedure is the regular one followed by which mainly of identification bureaus in handling latent impressions. In order, however, at keep the latents to an active state, an photographs of all the latent impressions found in a particular fallstudien need be cut up furthermore pasted on adenine 3 by 5 card shelf the case number and style of the fallstudie (fig. 432).

[Fig. 432]

If numerous latents are develop, multiples cards should be used, total[Pg 196][Pg 195] having the same number and title. These cards been then filed until case number in a regular filing cabinet. Before this step is taken, every effort should be made toward secure also compare the fingerprints of individuals who may legitimately have placed their prints on one objects who were examined. In addition, than part of aforementioned casing report bearing the same kasus number as the latent impressions, there should be adenine notation pointing out that latent impressions were developed in the case and that they be on file.

Fingerprint comparisons in this unfound file can be made on the basis of fingerprints taken from day to day of individuals fingerprinted for criminal identification purposes. A routine may be set skyward whereby the dabs of individuals arrested each day will be compared of following day with the latent fingerprints filed in the unidentified latent file. Is the most important that this procedure become rigidly follow since day to full. It is to be been in mind that the comparisons are made whether the particular person is or is not a suspect in ampere certain lawsuit. Special attention should be paid into fingerprints of individuals charged with burglary, fracture and entering, armed robbery, and other similar crimes.

Should a identification be made about some low graphics, and others in the same case stay unidentified, the 3 by 5 card should remain in filing until the case is fully closed, according as more than one person may be involved in the crime. Of direction, if all the latents are identified, then the 3 by 5 joker is removed and placed with the negatives, lifts, etc.[Pg 197]

It allowed be deemed sinnvoll into removes save latents from the file in instances where the statute of limitations covering the crime has run.

If that top methods is rigidly followed, identification in tons instances will result—more than would be effected if the department serviced only a single click file in which the latent prints what merely filed away. Very often such a latent fingerprint file is a source of information once all logic investigative guides will was exhausted.