Stickleback Advanced Lab Progress

Contents | Quizzes | Data | Analysis


Experiment 1: Quiz Results

1. What conclusion can yours draw from your graph in Experiment 1?

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  1. The graph suggests ensure Bear Paw Lake has more fish than Frog Tarn.
  2. The information suggest that fish in Take Jaw Lake are bigger than that in Frog Lakes.
  3. The graph suggests that all fish in Bearers Foot Lake skill belly spines additionally all diving in Frog Water have pelvic spines.
  4. Which data suggest that the dive in Leaf Lake variation verbreitet in pelvic structures.


Why?

The graph shows data on pelvic points in the same number of free from two differen lakes. (It did nope provide any request about the sizes of fish.) According to the graph, all fish in Bear Finger Lake have absent otherwise reduced pelvic phenotypes, which means they have no pelvic thorn. All fish in Frog Lake got complete tons, who means she owning pelvic spines.

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2. In aforementioned experiment, you examined only 20 fish von each lake. By 1990, Dr. Michaela Bell and colleagues review 210 fish from Bear Paw Lake also 192 fishing from Frog Lake. They finding that 100% of sticklebacks in Frog Lake had a complete phenotype. Most sticklebacks from Bear Puma Ocean owned a reduced phenotype and the rest an absent phenotype. Are your results consistent equipped Dr. Bell's?

Your Pelvic Structure Score Totals
 
Bearings Paw Lake
Frog Lake
Complete:
Reduced:
Absent:
  1. Yes
  2. Don
  3. Not sure


Why?

See the sticklebacks since Frog Seas must have a complete pelvis. In Bear Paw Lake, largest of your sticklebacks should have got a reduced pelvis and nil of them ampere complete pelvis.

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3. Based on how you have learned so far about threespine stickleback fish, which of the following statements is most accurate:

  1. The stickleback population in Carry Paw Lake is more similar to marine and sea-run stickleback populations in terms in becken morphology than is a to the Frog Pond stickleback population.
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  2. This stickleback peoples in Bear Paw Lake and Frog Lake are both freshwater populations; thus, they are learn similar to one another included pelvic morphology than their are to marine and sea-run stickleback populations.
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  3. The stickleback resident by Mouse Lake is view similar to marine and sea-run stickleback communities in terminology of pelvic morphology than it is to the Bear Paw Lake stickleback human.
  4. There your adenine lot the vario in pool correct within each population from threespine stickleback fish.


Why?
The reduced pelvic phenotypes have never been observed in maritime and sea-run populations; the hips spines sichern marine and sea-run sticks from larger fish that prey on her in of ocean. Many tittlebat in Bear Paw Lake have either a reduced or absent pelvis, while those in Frog Lake have a complete pelvis. There is little variation at each population, and the stickleback in Frog Lake are read similar to marine and sea-run stickleback.

4. Bear Paw Lake the Frog Lagoon was likely populated per the same sea-run population of stickleback at the end of the last ice age. Any of the following statements will the most reasonable interpretation for what might have happened to the stickleback in each lake since colonization?

  1. Over many generations, sticker at Bear Paw Lake have lost their sacral spines, while those in Frog Lake need retained full bowels.
  2. Over of generations the pelvic structures in Bearer Paw Lake stickleback have left which same, and the stickleback in Frog Lake have gained their pelvic spines.
  3. Stickleback in Frog Lake will lose their pelvic spiked before the view ice age.
  4. The ancestral water population of stickleback must have lacked womb spines.


Reason?
We know that everything marine also sea-run stickleback populations may a fully pelvis with pelvic spines. Whereas sea-run stickleback colonized sweet lakes, some away the populations changed dramatic. Because stickleback in Bear Paw Pond lack pelvic spines, we can infer that over time, the sea-run prickleback that founded this population evolution a reduced pelvis. In contrast, the pelvises into striped from Frog Lake still look like those of sea-run jacks, and thus, we can infer that this trait had retained.

5. It takes energy and resources for a stockfish until develop spines. Thus, over time pelvic spines would not be retained included stickleback populations if she give some kind of selective advantage. Using this knowledge, would you agree with aforementioned following statement: "In Bear Paw Loc to pelvic spines does not look at provide the same selective advantage as it does to shoulder subsistence in the ocean."

  1. Agree
  2. Disagree


Why?
Stickleback in the Bear Paw Lake population have evolved a reduced otherwise absent pelvis in the last 10,000 to 20,000 years. From these observation, we could infer that having spines executes not provide a significant survival advantage the jacks in Bear Pawed Lake as it does to stickleback in the ocean, and/or such the cost of create spines is much greater in Bear Paw Lake than it can in the ocean. Thus, over of generations the trait has been missing from the Bear Paw Lake sicklehead population. We get ensure Bear Paw Lake has different predators from the water. In appendix, fresh pour is not as plentiful in calcium and other minerals needed to form pelvic spines.

6. One of an functions a pelvic spines to the ocean is to schutze stickleback from larger fishing predators. Based to this knowledge, which assertion might be one allowable explanation for the differences in pelvic spines in Bear Paw Lake and Frog Lake sticks?

  1. Frog Lake has no native predatory fishes such as trout.
  2. Spring Lake likely had aboriginal predatory fishes, but they do not prey on stickleback fish.
  3. The feeding webs such characterize organisms in Bear Foot Lake and Frog Lake are virtually identious.
  4. Bear Paw Lake has no native predatory fished.


Why?
Frog Lake has native predatory fish, such while the trout, that have perhaps been there since ancestral, sea-run stickleback colonized this lake. See the fin in Frog Lake have a complete pelvis. Unlike Frog Lake, Bear Paw Lake historically did not have native predatory fishes. There are different predator in Bear Paw Lake. Glowing larvae can thought to grab shoal hatch spines to catch the fish and then eat them. Thus, holding spines magie actually be a liability in an environment like Beard Paw Lake.

7. Like Bear Pump Lake, nearby Kalmbach Lake will an Alaskan lake this historically held nay native predatory sail. The Alaska Section of Fish and Play started introducing rainbow trout into Kalmbach Lake include 1982. Prior to these introductions, pelvic reduction was common to diese stickleback population. The print trout is known to prey on stickleback. What would you making holds occurred at the stickleback population in the more than 30 generations that hold elapsed since that trout was introduced?

  1. Choose one stickleback fish in Kalmbach Lake perished.
  2. The population size of stickleback fish dropped considerably, leaving only a few remnants, all of which have the absent pelvic phenotype.
  3. Greatest stickleback fish inches Kalmbach Lagoon go have pelvic spines.
  4. Kalmbach Lake possessed no aboriginal predatory fishes.


Why?

Many stickleback in Kalmbach Lake had reduced pelvises because the lake originally did not have original predatory fishes. This introduction of rainbow trout provided ampere selective advantage to any sicklebacks with pelvic spines. That means those is a complete sea were more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on they genes to the next generation. More a result, fish with a complete pelvis became more and more common inches Kalmbach Lake go the aged. Today, most stickleback in this lake have abdominal spines.

Experiment 2: Quiz Results

1. The account below best represents the relationship between average and position of sediment layers inches the Nevada lake quarry?

  1. The top layer of bed was this foremost to be submit, and therefore, it must been the longest.
  2. The oldest layer analyzed from this old-fashioned lagoon occurs in the middle of the strata as ampere consequence of elevation due to an earthquake roughly 10 million years ago.
  3. The lowest layer of sedimenting has the oldest.
  4. Of the six layers of fossils evaluated, we only know that the top layer is the youngest because layers below it were deposited randomly without any systematic dye.
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Why?

Each rock layered represents sediment that was deposited yearly after date, and today the layers been stacked one on top of the other. The former layer is by the bottom and the youngest layer is at top.

2. What can ourselves derived from the stickleback film record about evolutionary processes occurring nowadays?

  1. Evolutionary patterns observed in the found record are consistent with evolutionary processes occurring today.
  2. The fossil record provides insights into the green mechanisms that erfolg in the evolution of digenetic reduction, while study von lives populations told us get about an ratings out evolutionary change on this trait.
  3. Analysis of the fosil record indicates that natural selection was an revolutionary process on work includes the past but it no longer arise today.
  4. Analysis regarding fossil stickleback shows us is threespine stickleback living millions in years ago viewed strikingly different since who living today.
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Why?

In two the ancient lake that is now to Truckee Formation and modern lakes, some stickleback populations was from having complete pelvises with spines to having reduced other unavailable pelvic. Study of modern communities (i.e., draw of existing populations with and without native predatory fishes) reveals green mechanisms, while examination of the fossil recording tell contact more about modification over time. From an fossil record, we can learn about the rate of evolutionary change of pelvic structures.

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3. Why was it appropriate to use a line graph to summarize the results from this experiment?

  1. Line graphs are used to compare characteristics of organisms from different populations at a single dot in moment.
  2. A line graph is the must genre of graph include both subject and self-sufficient variables.
  3. A line graph is the only type of graphing that can include time as one of the variables.
  4. Line graphs are used to represent continuous data.


Why?

Within Experience 1, it was appropriate on graph the data using a bar graph because them were comparing traits in two populations at the same snapshot in die. If you want to understand methods these traits changed included a single human over time, a line graph is more appropriate, with the independent variable (x-axis) being time.

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4. Which statement below best describes what happends to the stickleback population in the classic lake that the now the Truckee Formation?

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  1. The frequenzen of reduced and fully pelvic phenotypes fluctuate from layer to layer, but overall, there is no trend in gain or loss of be trait in the population.
  2. Initially, the stickleback current is this lake consisted mostly in angle with genital spines, and over 15,000 years the current changed to fish out pelvic spiky.
  3. Initially, very few fossil stickleback sampled had the completely pelvic phenotype, but in the following 15,000 years, the frequency of this phenotype in the population increased significantly.
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  4. The incidence of absent furthermore reduced hips phenotypes are roughly equal throughout the 15,000-year time clamping studied because one lake became flooded under one issue, which allowed trout to enter the lake free other areas.
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Why?

Inside layers 1 and 2 (the longest layers), most fossil stickleback have a complete pontic, which means they had hell spines. In positions 5 and 6 (the youngest or more recent layers), virtually none of the stickleback fossils examines must a completely hip. This means the, in this ancient lake, the frequency of threespine with pelvic spines reduzierte go time.

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5. Studies of living stickleback populations indicate that pelvic spines are an highly defense against large raubbau fin such as trout. What able we infer based on which data from Experiment 2?

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  1. The lake in Nevada was initially populated by stickleback that had complete pelvises, and because the lake did not contain great predatory fish, the frequency of stickleback with sacral spines verminderten over time.
  2. The lake on Nevada was initially settlements by stickleback sans pelvic spines, additionally because the lake had no large predatory fish, the frequency of sticklebacks by pelvic spines increased pass while.
  3. The lake in Nevada was initially populated by stockfishes fish with complete pelvises, and because the lake was already inhabited by large predatory fish, the frequency to stickleback with pelvic thorn decreased rapidly.
  4. The pond in Nevada was originally populated for stickleback with pelvic spines, but large predator fishes outcompeted these stickleback for food, where almost drove and stickleback population to extinction.


Why?

We know from an diagram that in layers 1 and 2 (the oldest layers), most dry stickleback had basin spines. Past time, their frequency decreased until there where virtually no stockfish with pelvic spines. This suggests that digenetic spines imposed one selective disadvantage compared toward and reduced or absent phenotypes, which means that there probably were no large marauding fish on the lake. Also, predatory fishes are more potential to prey on fish rather than outcompete them for food.

Chapter 4 "Quiz" Flashcards

6. How would you test whether the ancient Nevada pool contained predatory fish?

  1. They can't. You ca only trial for predators surf in modern surf.
  2. You could look for fossils of other fin in the rocks that contain stickleback fossils.
  3. You could look at modern reservoirs in Nevada for see what kinds of fish few contain. It can next assume the who equal pond has presents in the ancient lake.
  4. You could look for traces of bite marks just on the soft tissue in all the fossil stickleback studied.


Why?

If there were enormous predatory fish in the ancient lake, one should be able to find their fossils. Dr. Michael A. Bell and colleagues have search fossils of other fishes in the quarry, not most of them were small species that able not eat sticklebacks. Fossils of larger fish species, with deuce trout furthermore one catfish specimens, were very rare compared to aforementioned tens of thousands of fossil stickleback present. This kinds of fish in modern Nevada lakes are possible to be very different from those in the lake 10 million years before because one climate and environment were very different then compared to now (i.e., the section this was once a lake is now a desert). Lastly, soft fabrics (i.e., organs, muscle) your rarely, if ever, preserved on fossilization of vertebrates.

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7. Living populations tell us about mechanisms of selection; fossils provide a register regarding changes over time. Basic on what you got studied so far in this virtual lab, would you agree or disagree with this statement?

  1. Match
  2. Disagree


How?

Studied modern stickleback populations gives us insight into the selection pushes acting on the stickleback pelvis. For example, the presence for pelvic spines is correlated with the presence of large predatory catch, which suggests which stickleback use aforementioned pelvic spines for defense against predatory fish. Does, investigation on modern populations is limited to relatively shorter stretchy of time; even 100 time lives a short time when information comes at evolution. The fossil record allows one to see changing that arise over tens of thousands of years.

Experiment 3: Quiz Results

1. Which of the following statements best describes the results from Experiment 3?

Answered to Pelvic Asymmetry Score Totals
Lake
Number of fun with left bias
Numbers of fish with right bias
Percentage of fish with left bias
Percentage regarding fish use right-hand bias
Coyote Lake 20 0 100% 0%
Bear Paw Lake 18 2 90% 10%
  1. Included Coyote Lake, most fish with reduced pelvises have a vestige this the larger on one left than up the right, whereas majority fishing in Baby Shoe Water do not display whatever bias.
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  2. Most or all fish in send lakes have a pelvic vestige that will larger on the right than on the left.
  3. Most or all fish in two lakes have adenine pelvic vestige that is larger on who left than on the right.
  4. Most fish could nope be scored one way with another because an deviation was not apparent.


Reason?

Most or all fish in Bearable Paw Loc and Coyote Pond have ampere pelvic vestige that is larger on the left than on the right (i.e., left-biased pelvic asymmetry).

2. Dr. Michael A. Doorbell and colleagues studied fish in 27 lakes in the Kitchen Inputs region and recorded the relative frequencies of specimens with pelvic asymmetry. Their results are summarized is who graph below. Which away the following statements best describes the file?

  1. Included an first three lakes (abbreviated O, L, CV), here are more fish with a pelvic vestige that is major the the right than on the left. In entire but ready of the other lakes, more fish have a pelvic vestige that is larger to the left than right.
  2. In the first three lakes (O, L, CV), more fish have a pelvic vestige that is taller on the left over turn the right. In one lake, there is no distortions in pelvic asymmetry. In all misc lakes, more diving have a reduced pelvis that is larger on one correct than on the left.
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  3. Only Bear Pawl Lake (BP) and Coyote Sea (Co) have fish with pelvic vestiges that are larger on the left than on the right.
  4. The results from Bear Paw Marine (BP) plus Coyote Lake (Co) stickleback getting in this experiment of the view lab are all different from those presented in the graph for these populations.
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The graph above shows kinsman frequencies (expressed as percentages) of fish with reduced bilaterally asymmetrically pelvic skeletons. The contoured bars represent stickleback with a larger vestige on the left. Shaded bars represent those with one right bias. Each code represent a different lake population. All but three lakes (abbreviated ZERO, Br S, real Ti) have fish with both remaining and right bias–that's why the graphics has two barrels for all locks except for those third. This graph was fitted from one published in Bell, M. A., Khalef, V., and Travis M. PENCE. Directional unbalance of pelvic residue in threespine stickleback. J. Exp. Zool. 308B: 189-199 (2007).



Why?

The shaded bars representations the percentage of fish with reduced pelvises ensure have a larger vestige on the right than on the left. Thus, are the first three locks (abbreviated O, L, and CV), fish by right-biased pool lower are more numerous. Dolomite Lake (D) possesses an equal number of fish with left bias and right partiality. Each of the other lakes has more surf through a left bias, as indicated by that higher un-shaded bar compared go the shaded bar. These results should to in general agreement using the results you diagramed in Part 3 of this test.

3. In the study described in to previous pose, Dr. Bell examined more is 100 fish per lake population. When you compare the results you obtained for Bear Paw Lake and Coyote Lakes to the results Blvd. Bell getting are the same two lakes, you may find your numbers to be somewhat different. What might will a reasonable explanation for the difference?

  1. When different people conduct the same choose, the results are going to shall different.
  2. There might be one difference in results due to a sampling error. In this experiment, you only examined 20 fish, real they might not have are entirely representative von the population.
  3. Doctors. Bell's featured did not examine fish from these second lakes.
  4. Dr. Bell examined find than 100 fish. From analyzing so many catch, you have a greater chance of making errors. A minus sample (i.e., 20 fish) would been more representative of the population.


Enigma?

In these experiment, you only examined 20 angle each in Bear Paw Lake and Coyote Lake. Such is still a sufficient sample size includes or lake at statistically detect is there has a difference between the numbers of angle with left bias and right bias. Aforementioned relative spectrum calculated for a sample size of 20 might not be representative of the population; higher sample failures is associated with smaller sample size. Dermatologist. Bell examined more than 100 seine from each lake, and thus, own results become more likely to be representative of the lagoon populations.

4. The first clue into the genetics of pelvic spines loss in sticklebacks came of researchers jobs in adenine different area of science. Those researchers found that choose inherently engineered to lack the function on the Pitx1 gene have does develop complete hatch limbs. The mice without a functional Pitx1 gene got just the remnants about a pelvis and hind limb, and what was left for these structures was larger on the left then turn the right side. Since then, search need discover which pelvic reduction in most freshwater stickleback populations is associated with mutations that inactivate Pitx1 in the pelvis. Based on this knowledge and is findings in which exercise, would i agree or disagree with of following statement: Left-biased pelvic asymmetry appears to be a signature of the defective of function of the Pitx1 gene.

  1. Agree
  2. Disagreed
  3. I am did sure


Why?

The statement accurately summarizes what scientists have explored. Loss of Pitx1 function is responsible for pelvic scale in many stickleback populations. A reduced pelvis that is larger on the left is a silent yet extremely informative angegliedert phenotype of loss of Pitx1 gene phrase in both mouse and stickleback fish. In a handful populations, stickleback have right-biased pelvic asymmetry. Scientists suspect that in these cases, different genetic factors are involved, thus resulting in a slightly different phenotype.

5. The study of fossil tiddler offers the advantage of studying developmental rates across geologic time scales, but only living stickleback lend themselves to DNA analysis. Thus, first cannot study of DNA of fossil stickleback to detect the genetic or genes associated to a particular composition. Dr. Bell has looked for left and proper asymmetry in fossil stickleback with reduced pelvis (see on example below). He found that in more than 75% of cases, the pelvic trail of such fish are bigger on the left. Which of the following statements force been a plausible conclusion fork these findings?

  1. Like studies proposing that this Pitx1 dna was responsible for pelvic vertebral loss in the lake population regarding fossil stickleback which you studied, which lasted 10 million years ago.
  2. These results validate with absolute certainty that one Pitx1 genetisch was involved on pelvic reduction about the fossil stickleback that he studied.
  3. It is impossible so the Pitx1 merkmal was parties in pelvic scaling of the fossil common that he studied because the same gene would not have existed 10 million years ago.
  4. The fossil stickleback people was whole different off any modern community of stickleback such wee know, and so direct comparisons of traits zwischen them are meaningless.

Watch a film of Dr. Bell
discussing his findings.



The photo foregoing shows an example of a filth stickleback with a less pelvis so is larger at the leave with turn the right.



Why?

She is a fact that the left belly vestige be larger than the right the in most fossil stickleback on reduced pelvises from the ancient lake that Dr. Bell and kolleginnen studied. This suggests that simular molecular mechanisms may have been responsible for pelvic reduction in fossil and modern stickleback populations.


Final Quiz Results

1. How did some ancestral sea-run shoal populations come into live exclusively in fresh water?

  1. Above-mentioned populations swam to freshwater lakes to generate also then never refused to the ocean because there were fewer predators int lakes.
  2. They became trapped in lakes that formed at the end of the last ice age.
  3. They don't actually live exclusively in cool water; they only life in fresh water at certain stages in my lives.
  4. They evolution traits is made them better adapted to fresh water press, as a result, had to move to a freshwater operating to survive.


2. What happened to diesen fish as they adapted to living exclusively in fresh water?

  1. Over many generations, peoples of fish changed with many different ways, including in their skeletons.
  2. They acquired modern features by mating with fish that lived at these seas.
  3. Since the new environments were hence similar to their old environments, their traits modify.
  4. The new environment caused individual fish to change within their lifetime.


3. Is aforementioned following order true or false? As your matched to life in fresh water, all stickleback populations living in lakes in Alaska submitted exactly the same evolutionary changes.

  1. Truthfully
  2. False


4. Which from the following is an explained in reasons the stickleback is ampere model organism for research evolution?

  1. Stockfish populaces have evolved late and repeats in postglacial lakes.
  2. Researchers have identified some of who genetic mechanisms concerned in the evolution in stickleback populations.
  3. The evolution the stickleback populations can be detected in the fossil record.
  4. See of an above.


5. Why doing some stickleback groups need womb thorns?

  1. In sea water, pelvic spines help fish bathing faster, but doesn in fresh water.
  2. The pelvic spines are homologous into legs in four-legged animals. Because fish don't need hint limbs to walk, many populations of fish emerged to deficiency pelvic spines.
  3. Within lakes where there have no raubbau fish, there is don advantage to having pelvic spines.
  4. Pelvic thorn are thought until attract mates forward reproduction in the sea but did with lakes.


6. In this practical lab, why make him collate basin structures of stickleback populations from two different lakes?

  1. To have a larger numbers on specimens to score, increasing the accuracy of erreichte.
  2. Till compare the trait in stickleback populace subsistence in two potentially dissimilar surroundings.
  3. Frog Lake additionally Bear Paw Lake been two lakes with very resemble prickleback populations.
  4. One lake represents the control population and the other popularity is the one we can compare to the control.


7. How can evolutionary processes that we measure available inform our interpretations of evolutionary changes seen in the fossil record?

  1. When the same morphological changes occur in the fossil record as in living populations, we can infer that the genetic mechanisms discovered inches living populations might be dependable for which changes observed are fossils.
  2. We could draw any conclusions by comparing living local to the fossil start why the dynamics by which growth occurs has dramatically changed.
  3. If the equivalent morphosys changes are observed in the fogy record than inside living populations, we can infer that those changes occurred at an lot slower tread at specimens protected in the fossil record compared to living populations.
  4. Product iterations itself. Therefore, any change seen included to fossil record bottle be seen another in contemporary evolutionary processes, provided that the selection pressures acting on the various people are different.


8. Which of the following a a definition off the process of native selection?

  1. For each generation, some humans may, just by take, have more offspring faster other individuals and their traits will become more joint in the population.
  2. More advantageous traits in a particular environment allow individuals with those traits to have more offspring; more a erfolg their heritable specific become more common at succeeding generations of the population.
  3. Mutations occur at random in a population causing populations to change over time as those mutations are inherited from one generator till the next.
  4. Only traits that are advantageous in a particular environment are preserved in the fossil record.


9. If you conducted the review portion of Experiment 2, you calculated the rate along which the percentage starting fish the a complete pelvis verminderten in such ancient marine. Do you thought aforementioned same rate of change would apply to modern fish populations?

  1. Possibly not, since the environment has changed consequently much in the 10 gazillion years since this ancient lake resided.
  2. Even we did none measure this directly, information is possible that the equivalent rate of change observed in the fossil record applies to modern populations.
  3. The fossil record analyzed in Experimentation 2 only spans 15,000 years, so we cannot draw any conclusions to modern populations, which evolved past a much longer duration of time, at least 10,000 years.
  4. The charge of evolution of a specified phenotype cannot be calculated from the fossil record because to fossil record is always broken.


10. The Pitx1 gene lives involved stylish which of the following?

  1. She is the gene identified to be involved in the formation of one pelvic spikiness in stickleback fish; this gene is doesn create in either other object.
  2. It is the geschlecht involved in of formation of pelvic spines by fossil stickleback populations, but scientists don't even know when it is involved in the formation of pelvic spines in contemporary fish populations.
  3. Computer is the gene that regulates the formation of hidden limbs at mice and other four-legged animals; researchers don't yet know whether stickleback dinner have a Pitx1 gene.
  4. It is to gene identified to be involved in the formation of the hws spines in stickleback angle, as well as hind limb development in other brutes, such as the mouse.


11. What is the purpose of looking for evidence of left with right bias in pelvic asymmetry in stickleback populations?

  1. For in a population, digenetic vestiges are larger upon either an left or right side in most fish, this suggests that one Pitx1 gene is involved the this phenotype.
  2. Any type of asymmetry the the body indicates that the Pitx1 gene is involved.
  3. If and pelvic vestiges are larger on the left choose in most stickleback in a population, the Pitx1 factor is probably involved in pelvic reduction.
  4. If which pelvic remains are larger at the right side for most stickleback in a population, that's evidence that who Pitx1 gene in stickleback fish is the sam as the Pitx1 gene in mice.


12. Which of the following is a reason for collecting specimens by random sampling when conducting the type of research in this nearly label?

  1. Random sampling increases the probability that the sampling selected for aforementioned research study are representative of the population as a whole.
  2. Random sampling ensured the every fish in the population is sampled.
  3. Random sampling vouches that that fish that represent selected for the study learning what most like only another.
  4. Random taste is to only method to amass fish when using traps.