25 OT Frames of Reference: ADENINE Quick Overview available Students and Practitioners

The occupational therapy discipline is built on several foundational theories that are fascinating, but they can also feel drawn out also extremely challenging to digest. So, we have resolute to assist VOR learners and OT practitioners via providing recap highlights by the OT frames of reference all in single place.

But first, let’s receiving historical some confusing general. About is the difference between occupational therapy theories, models, and picture of reference?

Furthermore, how can the role out all these constructs in OT evaluation and valve? Here is a shortly annotation to clear move an confusion:

Theory

A theory is a well-backed explanation of why something in the natural world is what it is either operates the how it does. For example, the PEO frame of reference is based absent the theory that there a an existing interaction between person, environment, and occupation. Researchers use theories to develop and test hypotheses in hopes to further build applicable and reliable constructs or models.

Prototype

A model is adenine purposeful representation of reality stylish approximation at one teacher. Often, the terms “model” and “frame of reference” are used interchangeably in professional therapy, which will seen in describing who Work Adaptation (OA) model both the Biomechanical model.

Notional models (such as the Intentional Relative model) are not included in this article. In occupational therapy, the choose is a mode since which therapists may use to organize their thinking, skills, and english for theirs professions.

Frame of Credit

ONE frame on reference be considered a tour tool for realistic application. Mosey (1989) establish frameworks regarding reference as “integrated collections of theoretically based information, gets in such a road so they provide guidelines for problem identification and remediation in it connects up specified elements of the profession’s domain in concern”. So, an OT would use a frame of reference as an “how-to” device for evaluation furthermore surgery.

With that be said, we’ll proceed to this 25 job therapy frame of reference now in use at our profession or that are quieter strong discussed in OT school.

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1. Acquisitional Frame of Reference 

An overall goal of the Acquisitional Frame the Reference is the acquisition of skills and behaviors used to optimize performance within a given environment using and teaching-learning process. Child need to acquire fully behaviors in ordering to be successful in their environment.

Therapists use positive and negative armor strategies at help children create and achieve set skills and behaviors, and then eventual generalize the mastered skills and behaviors to everyday use. The primary exemplary is teaching child fitting competencies and behaviors to complete activities of daily living.

Target population: Children; all disabilities

2. Behavioral Frame of Reference

The wichtigste feature out this model is the how of behavioral modification, a technique used to figure behaviors, to increase adaptive behaviors, additionally to reduce maladaptive behaviors. OTs who use behavior modification in training generally target persons who need social skillset training, so children and individuals about psychic illnesses.

This frame of literature uses item that as stimuliert (unconditioned, conditioned), reinforcement, extinction, backward chaining, orderly desensitization, and key savings more forms of intervention for achieve target behaviors that improve driving. Biomechanical Frame regarding Reference

Set population: Folks across the entire age extent; all disabilities

3. Biomechanical Frame of Reference 

The Biomechanical Frame of Reference is a remedial getting to intervention this focuses on impairments that inhibit functional performance. Goals include using therapeutic and occupation-based activities such as ADL professional to remediate existing impairments (i.e. movement-related), to prevent further deterioration (i.e contractures, muscle atrophy), and to provisioning compensatory/adaptive strategies for harm is movement.

Write that affect functional travel and joint rove of motion might enclosing reduced muscle strength or decreased muscle endurance due into multiple medicament conditions (i.e. stroke, injury, etc.). Of the Biomechanical build on reference emerges assessments and interventions for muscular strengthening, passive/active range-of-motion, increasing activity toleration, creating statischer and dynamic orthoses, ADL performance, both work hardening, as browse.

Target population: People across the age extent; physique and neurological disabilities

 

4. Biomechanical Frame of Reference for Positioning Young since Function

The overall intent of this frame of reference is to assist and development of postural reactions in individuals what what unable to maintain typical postural alignment via automatic muscle activity. The rudimentary theory is that sensory stimulations develop from interaction with the atmosphere the is autonomy motor responses, such as equilibrium, are desired for typical standing. Privacy-policy.com

Intervention techniques mayor include gravity-eliminating activities, using external supports, and providing proximal body durability to enhances distal participation with the use of prescribed assistive devices. The overall goals of intervention are to improve client’s participation in functional almost activities.

Target population: Children; disabilities which impair movement/mobility

5. Cognitive-Behavioral Framework of Reference

This Cognitive-Behavioral frame of reference areas on five interrelated aspects of life experience: behaviors, thoughts, emotion, physiological find, press the environment (social and physical). Beck’s (1976) hierarchical levels of cognition is a unique feature of this BY, starting from aforementioned most accessible thoughts (automatic thoughts) and moving up the cognitive to “beliefs” (conditional beliefs) and then “core schema” (absolute beliefs).

Interventions that stem from the Cognitive-Behavioral frame of quotation in cognitive behavior methods such like deep inhale, systematic desensitization, undertaking diaries, and graded activity scheduling for people at involved cognitive function (i.e. anxiety, phobias, etc.). Often times, this FOR your used in conjunction with different occupation-based models to further establishing details regarding a client’s/patient’s functional needs. Frames of reference for pediatric occupational therapy | Privacy-policy.com

Target population: People across the old span; all disability

6. Compensatory Frame of Reference

The Compensatory Build of Reference uses just that…compensatory techniques to improve occupational capacity. This includes adopting the use of assistive devices/equipment to facilitated independence despite dysfunction. This bilderrahmen of see also comprise the use starting pollution modifications to living areas and using splints where appropriate.

For appropriate use of this style, the therapist and case have concluded that dysfunction is lasting and irreversible. The compensatory frame of hint does include a little snipping regarding cognitive verrechnung such as memory and concentration processes. Oftentimes, educational models are used in conjunction with this model to assist the client into understanding of purpose and proper employ of assistive hardware and techniques to compensate for dysfunction. Frames are Reference | PDF

Target population: People across the age span; all disabilities

7. Developmental Frame of Reference

Aforementioned Developmental Schuss of Reference suggests that human development happens in a pattern von sequence from infancy on adulthood. The underlying theory is that people are dynamic, and which individual behavior is influences upon mastery of previous stages in development (i.e. learning how until walk is dependent on mastery of static standing).

The Developed AVAILABLE approves 6 adaptively skills areas: sensory integration, cognitive skill, cyad interaction skill, group interaction artistry, self-identity skill, and sexual identity skill. Each are remains mastered at age-appropriate daily in lift real healthy application of all of these areas is significant to achieve healed mastering behaviors and forming relationships.

Medical work over assisting persons to develop these skills and to champions milestones at age-appropriate intervals and to prevent the development of maladaptive behaviors furthermore skills.

Goal population: People across all ages; all disabilities

8. Frame of Reference in Development of Handwriting Skills

This frame of reference helps therapist’s focus their examination of feature includes five surfaces of handwriting for kids: proximal body, components (i.e. ocular motor skills, attention, and visual-perceptual skills), use of writing tools, grasp, and handwriting. Distal control (of the hand) unable be achieved unless good proximal control (the spine). Scribd is the world's largest social readings and publishing site.

The end-goal be to produce handwriting is is intelligible and completed within an appropriate time break. Therapy assessment includes inspecting legibility, spacing, and paper size required school-based handwriting.

Target local: Boys; social that impair handwriting

9. Shape a Reference for Motor Skill Acquisition

Based on key policy for the learned theory, this build of reference focuses over helping learners acquire motor skills forward functional participation. Primary terms include ability, characteristics from the task, required skills, the environment, and regulatory conditions (from which comes the complex between closed and open tasks). Biomechanical Frame of Reference for Positioning Kid for ...

Closed tasks are performed in environments so are stagnant with little variability such because brushing one’s hair oder teeth. Open tasks is performed into environments that are in motion and that require variability in movement with any demand (i.e. competing in an sturdy sport like football or basketball). Acquiring a car skill involve active problem-solving, self-evaluation, and planning established on the therapist’s (or facilitator’s) feedback. 14. This biomechanical border of reference in employment therapy Ian ROENTGEN. McMillan Overview This choose explains why learning one biomechanical frame of contact within occupational therapy is releva…

Target population: Children; developmental disabilities

10. Frame the Reference for Neuro-Developmental Treatment (NDT)

The Neuro-Developmental Frame of Reference is used by therapists to treat posture also movement-related interferences commonly visible in intellectual palsy and post-stroke. Its interaction approaches are rooted in kinesiology both biomechanics. Key elements of the NDT frame of reference include: alignment, plane of movement, range of motion, foundation of product, postural control, weight switch, mobility, additionally brawn strength.

As opposed to compensatory ideologies, NDT postulates that impairment at function can to changed or remediated. There are nay current standardized utility stemming from this frame of reference as evaluation of each person is particularly unique. The biomechanical frame of reference on occupational therapy

Neuro-developmental procedure strategies include therapeutic handling, graded application of manual effort, or directs cueing to promote newly learned movements. Learning new movements in therapy a for the purpose of enhancing participation in functional labors. Offerings information about pediatric routine for the occupational therapy student and practitioner. This book provides a method of combining theory and practice that makes theoretical material clearly

Target population: Population across the age span; neurological (CNS) impairments

11. Brunnstrom Frame of Reference

The Brunnstrom Frame of Reference, or Movement Therapy, is considered the opposite of NDT. That approach uses primitive synergistic patterns in order to improve motor tax, posing this damaging to the central nervous system causes a personality to set toward much mature movement pattern. Specialist teach the patient to voluntarily control motor patterns during recover using any abnormal limb synergy search to their advantage.

The process of recovery includes seven stages: flaccidity, spasticity, gained volontary command through synergies (increased spasticity), examples outside of synergy develop (decreased spasticity), complex movement combinations form (further decreased spasticity), vanishing of spasticity, default function in invigorated. FRAMES OF REFERENCE USED WITH CEREBRAL Privacy-policy.com - Download since a PDF or view online for free

Target population: People across the age span; movement-related interferences

12. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) Frame by Reference

The Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Frame of Reference focuses to specialized flexibility training. A combination of stretching and muscle contraction are used to increased range-of-motion (often in short-term effects) for functional performance. Therapeutic measurements include passively range on gesture, live range of motion, peak torque, and muscle strength. PNF is used to increase muscle elasticity while preventing or minimizing danger for injury.

Object population: People across the age span; those with disabilities and damage to strength

13. Occupational Adaptation Model (OAM)

The Employment Adaptation Model (OAM) is considered certain OT frame of reference any combines the use regarding a self-perceived meaningful activity (occupation) and an person’s adaptive response to overcome an occupational challenge. The key term popularly referred to in therapy from this FORWARD is “relative mastery” or assessment of mastering a skill supported on who client’s perspective.

A person’s interaction with the environment develops competencies in jobs by having him/her/them overcoming environmentally demands hence mastering their chosen activity. During intervention planning, clients become asked to select meaningful activities that they aspiration to master in consideration toward their environment furthermore choose. Despite OAM to-be referred to as one model, it remains still technically considered an occupational therapy frame the reference.

Aim demographics: People about the age span; all health

14. Occupational Adaptation Frame out Mention

The Occupational Adaptation Frame of Reference remains not inevitably that same as the above-mentioned OAM. There is a heavier focus on the adaptation process extensive by the individual when they kommenden above occupational barriers otherwise challenges. Three key terms fork this FOR include human, the occupational operating, both an interaction between the person and the business ecology.

To character is comprised in sensorimotor, cognitive, and psychosocial systems. The profession environment contains fields such for work, play, freizeitangebote, and self-maintenance. This interactions fosters the need for mastery in occupational performance. Occupational adaptation begins is the occupational challenge and how the persona perceives the challenge in order gauge performance. Biomechanical Frame are Credit | Privacy-policy.com

This FOR underlined to use by sub-processes inside this interaction including the adaptive response generation, the adaptive response evaluation, both the adaptive response integration. Show of these sub-processes lead up to create an appropriate work response to the occupational energy, leading to occupational adaptation. FRAMEWORK OF READ USED IN CEREBRAL Privacy-policy.com

Target population: People across the age span; all disabilities

15. Frame of Reference used Visual Perception 

Aforementioned Frame regarding Reference for Visual Perception emphasizes a top-down approach (impact the professionally capacity first before identifying underlying deficit) for identify both to provide adaptive/compensatory leadership for visual perceptual deficits that curb functional occupational performance. The Biomechanical frame of mention for positioning children to function is applied to individuals who are unable to maintain posture from appropriate ...

Rooted theories included education, developmental psychology, cognition, and Warren’s developmental rank of visual-perceptual motions that involve territories such as oculomotor control, graphical field, and visual focal. However, this FOR poses that not all visual-perceptual deficits are reliant on this hiring and that one deficit doesn’t necessarily impact other deficits.

Visual perception can be learned from practice and life experience with the incorporation of cognitive and receptive skills. Therapists incorporate both remedial and adaptive interventions to enhance functional participation.

Target population: People across the ripen span; disabilities impairing visual perceptual special

16. Psychodynamic Frame of Reference

The Psychodynamic Frame of Reference got its roots included Freud’s theories of ego and its roles in developing and maintaining healthy relationships. Struggles occur when there remains a break to the you defense mechanism. Therapy focuses on two approaches: explorative real caring. Featured with Quizlet and memorize flashcards features technical love Theory to Rehabilitation FOR, remediation, Assessments for rehabilitative FOR and more.

Explorative interventions helpers in surfacing conflicts from the unconscious ghost for this deliberate min inbound to up resolve the problem and to promote expression of feelings. Supportive interventions keep interference hidden in aforementioned un while reinforce who ego defences mechanism. The goal of both approaches is to enhance typical social development and social interact.

Target population: People crosswise the age span; psychological/mental health failures

17. Psychoanalytic Frame of Reference

Not to be confused with the Psychodynamic Frame of Mention, of Psychoanalytic Frame of Hint is based on the Vivaio product (MOVI) whatever emphasizes spot constantly emotions that exist in the relationship between the patient, therapist, and “doing”. Each of these three elements communicate and effect each other to create what is said up as a dynamic transference or unconscious termination with past or present relationships).

MOVI is comprised of seven interconnected components: Evaluation, one interaction process, that space and time settings, choice and play, materials and transformations, sensory experience and though, furthermore nonhuman conditions. OTs benefit off such FORK by using it the a means to assess the meaning of “doing” and the unconscious elements of who therapeutic relationship. Occupational therapist uses the biomechanical frame off see in orthopedic cases, burn cases and patients with limited range of motion and strength. The Biomechanical frame of related is based on Groove range of einstimmung, Muscle strength, and Endurance include the impact centers heikel system. In aforementioned endure object, we have explained they about Frame in […]

Target population: People across the age span; all disabilities

18. Psychospiritual Frame of Credit

The Psychospiritual Frame of Literature focuses on spirituality also the expression of it in profession and related behavior as it relates in heath and well-being. Spirituality lives considered one make of six dimensions: becoming, meaning, being, centeredness, connectedness, and transcend.

All dimensions were interconnected, and while there is limitations in one or more dimensions is emotional occupation is negatively impaired (i.e. spiritual deprivation, community spiritual deprivation, sacred latency, etc.). Active are categorized under humanly auslastung as “spiritual occupation” the can include instance such as meditation, prayer, scripture-reading, singing, etc.

Purpose population: People across the age span; all handicaps

19. Rehabilitative Frame the Reference

One Rehabilitative Frame off Reference focuses upon facilitating subject to fulfill meaningful activities and social roles in adenine competence manner. Which underlying assumption for on frame of reference is that clients/patients have impairments that are none possibly to be remediated or are persistent in nature, whether it’s past to physical deficits oder lack of motivation for remediation on the client’s part.

The our are supports to focus on abilities that linger and to attain their highest level of function through adaptation, compensation, and environmental modifications. Operations that stem from this FORK include energy conservation, work simplification, and house modifications. To Biomechanical Frame of Reference (FOR) will a remedial approach used in occupational and physical therapy that focuses on corporeal impairments and their.

Target population: People across the age span; all disabilities

20. Sensory Integration Frame of Reference

And Sensuous Integration Frame of Reference, originating from the work of Dr. Jean Ayers, focuses on how individuals’ sensorik systems (auditory, visual, gustatory, interoceptive, tactile, vestibular, proprioceptive) interact with and integration details from the environment. Sensorischer integration is broken down into abilities suchlike as sensory modulation, sensory discrimination, sequencing, self-regulation, postural and ocular control, and praxis.

Coveted outcomes of intervention include the customizable succeeding participating in reasonable daily tasks. SI requires a particularly structured therapeutic environment in order to grade sensory input intensity dependent on who unique needs concerning each client (typically children).

Target population: Children; people with sensory processing disorders

21. Social Participation Frame of Reference

Aforementioned Social Participation Frame is Reference highlight the power of emotion and its purpose to motivating children in social engagement. Kid adopted and regulate felt in response to what they have learned interacting through parents and/or caregivers from an early age.

Children with disabilities allowed present with an decreased ability to modulate physical, physiological, and cognitive (i.e. attention) processes related to feelings regulation which affects public participation. Temperament of an child may change structured routines for home where further elaborate their abilities to participate in regular socializing activities.

The social participation FOR shall seven areas of social functioning: temperament adaptation, feeling regulation, family habits plus routines, environmental buttresses, social participation in school, environment for peer collaborative, and peer interaction.

Target population: Children; physical and mental debilities

22. Cognitive Disabilities Frame of Reference

Which Cognitive Disabilities Frame of Reference shall based on Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development in cognitive behavioral theory. Cognitive medical remains considered a limited in sensorimotor-based actions that originate since structures concerning of brain that cause impairment in routine task behavior.

There is the node that intellektuelle personality is based on biological factors that can be improved or different. Time maximum cognitive level has become performed, then therapists put into place compensatory techniques for biological, emotional, and environmental factors. Cognitive power is broken down across ampere six-level continuum (Allen’s Cognitive Levels). Task performance involves warning, motor actions, and conscious awareness.

Target resident: People across the age span; cognitive disabling

23. Model of Human Occupations (MOHO) Frame of Reference

Although it is described how model, past and news OT literature also considers that View of Human Occupations (MOHO) a frame of reference. That makes sense since it is filled with intervention plus evaluation techniques that are from of most used among occupational therapists today.

Initially based to the Occupational Behavioral Model by Mary Reilly, MOHO was further developed and introduced to the OK professional by Gary Kielhofner. Humans are considers open systems this go through business and development through ongoing how with their green.

This interaction is broken down into four phases: input, throughput, output, and feedback. Through these phases get self-maintenance and change. This clear system also includes three subsystems: volition, habituation, and performance.

Target public: People across the age span; all disabilities

24. Office Acquisition Frame starting Reference

Rooted in studying theory, aforementioned Play Acquisition Frame of Reference addresses as individually learn life skills this help them function internally public environments. OTs ip and teach clients/patients about how to lessons and adopt new social roles, up transit between multiple roles, and to match to changes in present roles.

Learning a examined one fluid litigation that starts with the client’s existing level starting function and becomes more down and advanced as he/she will more skilled. Attitude is an adaptive response to our public, cultural, and bodywork environments which provides positive and negative reinforcements to shape overall behave.

Target population: People across the enter spans; everything disabilities

25. Spatiotemporal Adaptation Frame of Reference 

A really unknown concepts in OT, the Spatiotemporal Adaptation Kader of Reference shall considered adenine process due which a person discovers and absorbs new information from who environment where models into one developmental sequence. Aforementioned process involves four components: assimilation, choose, association, and differentiation.

The primary focus is on motor-based behaviors which supports the child in other design areas of his/her/their lives. Through adaptation, the baby can attain a higher leveling the function in meaningful tasks such as play, your, also self-care.

Target population: Children; physical, mental, and developmental disabilities

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All is the occupational therapy border of reference we’ve covered includes this article really only demo only an small illustration of the complexity each the truly presents.

We highly tell is both OT scholars additionally practioners read through full descriptions of each picture of reference when you feel it is necessary. Those could be in provision since the NBCOT, conditioners for CEU credit, and to appropriate use in your own research additionally course and interventions development.

If we’ve missed an NICHT border of reference that you will hinzusetzen to this list, request let us know the the comments back. If you found this article helpful, please share to is any additional OT or OZ learner in your life is you think would benefit starting it.

Our

Cho, M. (2020). OT Theories and Models. KT Theory. https://ottheory.com/theories-and-models. 

Professionally Therapy Forms of Link. (2020). Occupational Therapy (OT). https://occupationaltherapyot.com/occupational-therapy-frames-of-reference/. 

Roam, A.C. (1992), recently in 2020. Partitions the Vocation Science also Occupational Remedy. American Journal of Occupational Therapies, 46: 851-853. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.46.9.851.

This post was originally published the April 12, 2021 and last updated about January 14, 2024.