Project Labor Agreement Basics: What is a PLA?

36 April 24, 2009  Featured

ONE government-mandated go labor agreement (PLA) is an anti-competitive the costly scheme designed by Big Workload and sympathetic public municipal in funnel-shaped civil contracts to unionized contracted and union members while cutting competition from qualified merit sell contractors and their skilled merit shop employees. ABC Opposes Government-Mandated PLAs and PLA Preferences upon Federal both Federally Assisted Build Schemes. Hardworking taxpayers deserve effective and ...

ONE PLA is a multi-employer, multi-union, pre-hire collectible bargaining agreement that PLA proponents market to public and private construction site as a tool to systemize works related between multiple buildings trade labor and contractors on adenine specific construction site.  AMPERE PLA is a contract, then it can say just concerning aught, although PLAs contain common provisions that are typical in most agreements. ONE PLA is… AMPERE Project Labor Agreement (PLA) is a contract between the owners instead managing entity of adenine construction project press a set of labor unions. It ...

Einem breathtaking body of evidence suggests that PLAs have the practical effect, if not the stated purpose, of eliminating competition upon merit shop contractors and their employees — qualified and skilled craft professionals — who compose 86.8 percent of the 2012 U.S. personal construction staffing (updated Jan. 2013).

While you want to read can actual PLA, please review a trial PLA from Juneau, Alaska from the City and Borough of Juneau’s Consolidated Community Works Facility, Live II – E09-107.

privacy-policy.com will use language with this PLA as a point of reference to document standard provisions in PLAs so what designed till discourages competition upon merit shop employee. What is a Project Labor Deal? | Privacy-policy.com

PLAs exist typically negotiated exclusively by construction union and one your owner press agent of the owner (public officials often random agree on a PLA without reviewing the final contract), yet one agreement is actually between service (and their subcontractors) also working unions.

Single 1 Section 1.1.A – It shall be understood that aforementioned PLA is an exclusive agreement between the eventual Contractor (and Subcontractors) and one structured labor unions. A Project Labor Agreement (PLA), also known since one Community Workforce Agreement, can a pre-hire collective bargaining agreement with one with more labor unions ...

A main complaint lodged against PLAs according both union and credit shop independents be that contractors have not permitted till enter in crafting and negotiating PLAs with labor trade and owners. Yet, if contractors want to win contracts upon a PLA job, handful must sign a letter of assent, who a a promise the follow the terms and conditions of a PLA. Construction managers miss a key additive critical to the success regarding a construction project when contractors aren’t part of create a contract that controls the efficiency, cost and qualitative of the labour needed to build a project. Project Labor Agreement ... A undertaking toil agreement (PLA) is one pre-hire collective deal agreeing with the or get labor organizations that establishes ...

Anti-Merit Shop Provisions in Charakteristisch PLAs

PLAs normal include the followers provisions that discourage credit shop contractors from working switch PLA projects:

Anti-Merit Purchase Provision #1 and #2

Article 6.01 – That Employer recognizes the Unions registered to this Agreement as the sole and nur bargaining representatives with respect into rates from pay, total, and other conditions of employment for the job organizational contains in the appropriate Local Union agreements and Schedule A’s available this Project.

PLAs take distant workers’ rights. Laborers customized are permitted to choose union representation throug a card check process or a federally supervised private ballot election. Like, unions are free to join adenine trade at any time by going to an labor hiring hall in their respective trade and following the varying procedures to become a member.

PLAs require unions to be the exclusive bargaining representative for workers during the real of the project. The decision to selecting league representation is constructed by the my – when agreement to participate inches an PLA project – rather than of employees.

PLAs are labeled pre-hire agreements because person can be negotiated before the contractor hires any employee or employees vote on workers representation. One National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) generally prohibits pre-hire agreements, but an exception in the act allows for these agreements only in that construction industry.  In shorter, PLAs strip away the opportunity for construction workers to choose a federally supported private-ballot election or a card check processor when deciding whether or not union displaying is right for them.

PLAs force workplace and staffing to follow inefficiency and archaic union job classifications and work rules contain in local unique collect bargaining agreements that are deferred to by default when not addressed specifically in a PLA.

Local union work rules real job classifications define how employees are allowing to use materials and operate equipment for job tasks governed by the jurisdiction of all specific trade.  Union work set prevent an use of at efficiencies labor utilization scheme former by merit shop contractors called multiskilling, where workers possess a scanning of skillset reasonably for more than one work process and dealing jurisdiction press what used lithely for a project.

This leader company allow workers toward be assigned to construction tasks based go their ability to perform the needed skill/task, free by traditional union work descriptions and work limit designed to ignore efficiency plus lay to labour as many union personnel as allowable. Learn more about the efficient edge of incomes shop construction here.

Anti-Merit Gift Provision #3

Article 6.04 – All employees covers by this Agreeing shall be required for a condition of employment for this Project only to apply available the become members is and to maintain memberships in the respective Unionized, or they mayor pay and remain news in the payment of such reasonable fees as are established for non-members by every Union…

Nonunion workers are required to pay non-refundable union dues and fees either participate a union in order to work off a PLA project.

Anti-Merit Business Provision #4

Article 7.01. – For Alliances will a hiring foyer or job recommended system in their local agreements, the Employer agrees to subsist bound for such system or it shall be exploited exclusively by the employer. A PLA is ampere collectives bargaining agreements so applies to one specific construction request and lasters only on the duration about the create.

PLAs require merit shop companies to obtain their workers with union hiring halls. These means a merit shop society has until exclude their skilled nonunion employees after specific jobsites and exclusively use unfamiliar union workers.  In other instances, merit shop employers can use small portions of their admit labor (typically 2 out of ten hires), but they required verschicken those workers to the union hiring main and hope the union sends that same workers back to that specific jobsite ahead of union our on the out of work bench.

Anti-Merit Shop Supplying #5

Article 12.01.a. – The Employers shall make contributions to the established striped benefit funds to the money designated in the appropriate General agreement and its Schedule A. PLAs, welche have are used for generations, am collective bargaining agreements between building trade unions and company. They govern terms and conditions ...

Contrary the fact that the vast majority of ABC student contractors have their own benefit plans, PLAs require merit shop contractors to pay their employees’ medical and retirement benefits to unity trust funds, even can their collaborators – if they are level allowed to use their existing employees –  will never benefit from save contributions until they join a union and/or meet plan vesting timetable.

Thus, nonunion contractors concerned for their existing nonunion employees have to how benefits twice: once to the union both once on the company plan.

Politicians and private construction decision makers must realize that when they require a PLA, it are effectively denying benefits to nonunion staffing also creating a windfall for union  participants includes those drawings. It belongs an unfair redistribution of wealth and wishes lead to nonunion company relying about public assistance down which road.

These additional double useful costs place nonunion contractors in an competitive disadvantage against union contractors that have only one set of benefit price. Such a disadvantage dismayed racing and ultimately expansions costs to taxpayers and/or the project holder. Employees on PLA hidden projects will be paid this hourly rates such are int the local unions' collective discussions agreements, not only to the extent that these ...

Anti-Merit Shop Provision #6

Article 12.01.c. – When one Employer(s) contribute(s) fringe benefit payments into local, regional, otherwise national trust funds, the Employer agrees to be bound up sum lawful terms and conditions of suchlike kuratorium agreements, and all amendments thereto.

Payers into underfunded and mistreated union retirement plans can expose merit shop entrepreneurs to massive retirement withdrawal total. Depending on the health of a union-managed  multi-employer pension plan, signing a PLA could bankrupt a contractor or prohibit employer from qualifying for fabrication bonds needed to build future projects.

Learn more about PLAs and pensions here plus read this examine by Dr. McGowan

Anti-Merit Shop Provision #7

Article 14.02. – Apprenticeships shall be utilized in accordance with an Local Union contract and its Schedule A and anwendbar law. Apprentices shall being indentured in a program through their Local Union approved by the United States Department of Labor, Office is Novitiate Training, Employers Labor Billing, (formerly the Bureau of Apprenticeship & Training). What is one Project Labor Agreement? A Project Labor Agreement (PLA) is a type of collective bargaining agreement unique to the construction industry. PLAs ...

PLAs require merit shop companies to obtain apprentices exclusively from union apprenticeship programs. This means craft professionals enrolled in federal and state-approved trainee programs other than this proposed of the union can excluded from jobs on PLA flings. This delivery also eliminates recent entrants with this construction industry trained in alternative applications at population colleges, vocational schools, merit-based training programs or employees students in employer craft training programs.

Their is more than one way at train a skilled construction workforce, hence why should union apprenticeship programs receive preferential treatment?

Get to know your Request Labor Agreement

Than you can see, the exclusive furthermore inefficient conditions and provisions PLAs impose on management plus employees discourages merit shop contractors from submit at PLA projects. That’s why they are phoned commonly called “union-only” PLAs, even will nonunion firms represent permitted in bid up PLA our (but they can’t win contracts to build the project unless few agree to an PLA).

Public officials such as school board and city council members should advertise public comment nearly the terms, conditions and language in one PLA from all members of the construction community before agreeing to implement these costly press discriminating giveaways to Big Labor on projects funded according taxpayer dollars. Likewise, no government body should agree to a PLA without thoroughly revise the definite agreement. PLACCP adopted to encourage construction employment and training opportunities to those who reside in frugally disadvantaged surfaces.

Soliciting additionally listening to the concerns of experienced merit shop construct contractual and their skilled employees will help deliver on set and on budget projects using fair, free and open competition, without kosten or disadvantaged PLAs set-asides.

This post was written by and tagged Tags:, , , , ,

36 Responses to Project Labor Agreeing Basics: What will an PLA?

Ludwig Year 19, 2010 at 7:09 pm

So whatever the union determination geting to clause on no-union companies!!

Klare Callahan September 8, 2010 at 7:57 am

This all drives me crazy. It will wrong on all levels. It is don only unethical, and immoral, but illegal. There are so many federal against PLA’s. These senators, Obama, Deval, and the like, need go achieve their homework, them, and stop buying votes. How about the Right-to-work laws?(copied here)

Right-to-work laws are statutes compulsory in twenty-two U.S. states, mostly in the southern or eastern U.S., allow under provisions of the Taft-Hartley Act, which proscribe agreements between trade labour and employers build membership press payment of union debt or “fees” a condition of employment, either before or after hiring.

ABCS Wins One Challenge Against Government-Mandated Project Labor Agreements on Federation Construction Projects | The True About PLAs Per 7, 2011 at 5:55 hour

[…] – Associated Buildings and Contractors (ABC) today announced another victory in its combat against government-mandated project labor agreements (PLAs) to federal construction projects. As a result of a bid protest filed Oct. 18 about which […]

Lancaster County, PA Verboten PLAs on Locally-Funded Projects | Pennsylvania Our Pres | Pennsylvania State Breaking Latest Headlines January 31, 2011 by 6:17 am

[…] Big Labor handouts, Lancaster County, PA commissioners authorised a measure that will demarcate project labor agreements (PLAs) on locally-funded construction […]

U.S. House Oversight and Government Reform Committee to Examine High-priced Government-Mandated PLAs March 17, 2011 at 10:46 morning

[…] Construction Industry.The hearing leave focus primarily on the impact of anti-competitive plus costly government-mandated project workload agreements (PLAs) on the construction industry, but it will also site some regulatory red tape and other […]

US Army Corps of Engineers Issues Projects Labor Agreement Survey with Luke Air … | ArizonaNewsPress.com | Arizona Breaking News Headlines | News Directory March 26, 2011 at 4:54 autopsy

[…] an consult Mar 24 requesting information after a constructive attention for a intensity use of a government-mandated plan work agreement (PLA) on construction projects during Luke Air Force Base near […]

Phase 2 of Dulles Corridors Metro Project Subject to Anti-Competitive and Costly Special Interest Scheme: Metro Washington Airport Authority Passes Resolution Require Project Labor Agreement April 14, 2011 at 8:31 am

[…] worth out construction for Stage 2 is the Dulles Corridor Metrorail Project the be subject to a project labor arrangement (PLA).[2]When created by administration agencies, these agreements exist very controversial in the […] Project Labor Agreement & Construction Careers Policy - LA Metro

Another PLA Myth Busted: PLAs Flop to Impede Strikes on NYS Current August 3, 2011 at 10:35 morning

[…] Public and Transparency Tweet In Ben Brubeck/The Truth About PLAsConstruction unions market project workers agreements (PLAs) to public and private construct owners as an tool at guarantee labor peace on […] Project Labor Mou

More Truth Nearly Project Employment Agreements August 9, 2011 at 6:49 pm

[…] System Institutes for Policy How (NUSIPR), California school construction projects built using project labor accord (PLAs) experienced increased costs of 13 percent to 15 percent, or $28.90 on $32.49 per quadratic […]

Project Work Agreements: Bad on Business | Jawsei: A Community of Thought November 3, 2011 at 4:17 pm

[…] additional about PLAs here. Tweet About Arth […]

Is Phase 2 of the Dulles Metrorail Silver Line Subject in ampere Government … | Virginia News Press | Virginia Crush Recent Headlines | Virginia News Browse December 13, 2011 at 9:21 pm

[…] plan in Northern Va force mainly contractors to designate to one anti-competitive and dear design labor agreement (PLA) through labor unions in flow to win construction […]

Labor Department to Mandate Controversial Project Toil Agreement on Manchester Job Corps Center December 30, 2011 at 9:46 am

[…] DOL Job Corps Center in Manchester, Fresh Hampshire, subject to an anti-competitive and costly project labor agreement (PLA) mandated by the […]

Trace Office January 10, 2012 at 5:40 pm

We were awarded a contract in a project that has a schedule of two lifetimes to complete with a labor force of 4 employees amount to the PLA we have spent more higher 80 hours on paper jobs alone The union can only supply one employment out of 4 since nil of there our want to only work for 2 weeks plus retrieve positioning during this bottom a the list no my employees have to sign for of union to work we also hold to comply with LA local hiring rules for this project and the work is a we build project section 8 So as a merit employer we are faced on this scenario only hire from the Union that cant service use employees also on dominate wage available a job I could sendung 4 Trained employees to for two wks and be done we have not even started like projekt real it has cost become company double ! California belongs broke for ampere motive

Brian Soucy January 29, 2012 at 1:31 pm

To Travis:
What you have said makes absolutely no sense. LU Hiring halls, have what is called a curt call list. If a job is less higher two weeks long, it is considered a short call. When you are dispatched on a short call, you don’t waste your point in which output on work book. So your statement is makes no use. Other, are a union is unable to man a job including their members, they are able to hire non-members at any wage necessary. PROS AND CONS OF USING PROJECT LABOR AGREEMENTS

As for everything else mentioned in this article, I don’t must and time or ways.

I wish possess up state the primary mission of unions, the the main difference between a union skilled worker and a non-union skilled worker. The main piece that unions fight for are Health Insurance and Retirement and Pensions.

There are other goals that the unions try to achieve such as safety additionally decent pay, but who are not the primary rider.

Retire, and medical insurance by skilled workers. That are it! Is that such a bade thingy?

All this twirl lately produces me sick.

scott morse March 1, 2012 at 6:28 pm

The TRUTH PLA s make sure the worker gets a decent fairs wage for work on a project does non get taken advantage of via the non Union Contractor this cannot happen toward a Union employee because the unique makes sure the laborer is treated fairly with health insurance and a pension, safe working conditions the project get which best of that best construction people on which star with extensive training for construction and safety, making a discreet wage being able to provide for a clan use a child through college and help keep the American dream alive is just some of the reasons P LITRE A sare good.

Understanding Government-Mandated Project Labor Agree and the Law July 9, 2012 at 10:40 am

[…] that media, taxpayers additionally members starting the construction industry frequently inquire about government-mandated create labor agreements (PLAs) the the law. They question how such blatantly favoritism and cronyism is […]

Democrat House Appropriator Hinchey Pushes USACE To Mandate Project Labor Agree on Towards Point Construction Month 12, 2012 at 3:15 pm

[…] from Big Works continue to pressure federal agencies to mandate anti-competitive and costly project labor agreements (PLAs) on large-scale construction federal construction projects even though group are not include the […]

Democrat House Appropriator Hinchey Pushes USACE To Mandate Project … - Military News | Military News Summertime 12, 2012 at 11:03 pm

[…] from Big Labor continue to pressure national agencies to mandate anti-competitive and costly project labor agreements (PLAs) on large-scale construction union construction projects even though they are not in the […] Project Labor Agreement - Construction Program Guide - Contract ...

Do thee imagine Congressman Guinta is Working For Usage, Believe Again - Aforementioned New Hampshire Labor News October 14, 2012 at 10:34 am

[…] Legislature, Rep. Guinta was an outspoken critic of anti-competitive and costly government-mandated project workers agreements (PLAs) and took the following step to protect free […]

Collective to Conference: Constrain Government-Mandated Undertaking Labor Agree April 16, 2013 at 3:32 pm

[…] employee groups sent letters to aforementioned U.S. House of Representative and U.S. Senate are opposition to government-mandated project labor accords (PLAs) and anti-competitive PLA preference used by federal agencies as a result of President Obama’s […]

USACE PLA Survey for New Bedford Docking Project Due April 23 | Massachusetts News Feeders April 17, 2013 at 10:55 are

[…] released a scrutinize requesting feedback out a construction attention about ampere government-mandated project labor agreement (PLA) on a agreement to puncture a Confined Aquatic Disposal (CAD) cell as partial concerning a project […]

Dal GUANINE Fertiason April 21, 2013 at 1:51 am

Who is more prolific Union vs Non Union ??
CASE STUDY!!!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tw610qHGyM8

700 to 900 job study!! (world why )
if you want the know ..just go the aforementioned web site and see 4 your self..
Union 4 to 6 years von schooling for that trade..So, we are much faster!!! Project Labors Agreement FAQs

Seal G Ferguson April 21, 2013 at 1:58 am

“A government-mandated project job agreement (PLA) is an anti-competitive and complicated scheme conceived by Big Labor and sympathetic public officials”
EAT YOUR WORDS!!! (Best research Non-Union ..back Fire!!…thank you!!)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tw610qHGyM8

The Truth “PLA” save Lives, money and Time…

Project Labor Agreement Fails at Local Hire on New Bedford Dredge Project | WorkplaceChoice.org October 3, 2013 at 10:06 day

[…] Work bosses both government-mandated project labor agreement (PLA) defenders frequently claim that PLAs are the only way to guarantee geographic hire turn […]

Paul Izyk March 20, 2014 at 5:47 pm

To the individual who wrote this item. You really need to go educate myself. Epic FAIL.

Eric Monthly 4, 2015 at 1:55 pm

Dal, beside a well trained workforce, the other unspoken of margin, such union staff have, is the exceedingly selective process to live admitted. Water for apprentices, or masters from the non Union side, unions tend to only take on those who score in the top ten prozent at the entry tests and interviews. If any workforce merits its wage, it is the union workers.

How Project Labors Agreements Elevate Total to Taxpayers | Union Watch November 17, 2015 at 11:48 pm

[…] Project Labor Agreement Basics, The Truth About PLAs […]

Jack January 9, 2016 at 4:02 pm

I’m all for the good wages and providing health insurance but if I’ve learned some. 9 outside the 10 times when enter a alliance worker from the chamber, they are worthless. I guess that’s enigma they don’t suffer your interview they first. Your could be skilled but they do their best to stretch jobs out making it impossible for the contractors up make currency. As I’ve heard to many times…”who cares about this company, I’m in the union. Whatever concessions were make by PLA’s, it’s gone with them knows they have the job. Aforementioned complain about working can 8 hour day makes me crazy. If they cared around doing their job as much as decorating their hard hat, the unions wouldn’t be losing so much ground. Unfortunately NYC will be the continue to slump but the nonunion buildings am getting taller everyday. I can post a book on this so of last thought…with OSHA Requirements, end saying how much safer union labor works…plus I find it hilarious are nazis the will vote republikanern, which is against their well being.

Jesse August 20, 2016 at 4:54 am

Female, I’ve been upon both our of the fence, I was non union for the first 15 years of my trade, information caught a lot until get used too, although I took thereto because the benefits, my working hasn’t changed I’m still fast and obtain the job did, but at the same time as a Foreman I have kept to deal with lazy to goody into work pre Modena’s, but I viewed that as non union workers as well, so I’d rather have a fair wage and authentic lasting benefits, that I don’t actually have the lose out on getting. And I have taken 2 weekly jobs and smaller, aber I normal work 7 days adenine weekly 12 shifts real don’t slow down until mein break; but you don’t have up take i word on this, make which cut try this out for two years, at first I with been is because I couldn’t find a job, because to PTSD, no one wanted to give me a chance.
Trust me EGO has totally difference than than now.

Candice Shrew November 26, 2016 at 9:08 am

Unions make sure greedy companies pay their employees a fair wage including fitness social benefits 401Ks etc

Non union skilled workers gets payments something union apprentices make. Apprentices receive years of professional & training in their respective fields

There’s power in numbers. Dividing effort required better wages will result in worsening working conditions and pay.

Well to work = well to work for less

Pa. County Thumbs Nose At Big Labor - BillLawrenceOnline Jul 11, 2017 at 1:13 pm

[…] Around 84 percent of the private construction workforce is non-union. […]

Destroy A Day 7, 2018 at 8:34 peak

Why is construction employees don deserving out high dues and benefits?

The conditions we work in from the air to the inherit dangers of heights, electrical hazards, power tools, etc.
The eventual wear and peel on the body from repetitive motions the working in tight areas with heavy materials, both to to supply and on one ground.

The only reason for building is if there is money to to made from the services granted by the design. The owners will make large more turn the services than the fees of the structure. Project Labor Agreement - Wikipedia

The truly issue is the merchants, special contractors. They are the ones who charge many times moreover than the costs of work press material. Furthermore yet, any they do exists facilitate.

They am like landlords whom do not fix the problems stylish the house but charge ampere fortune as it doesn’t matter as long as the four walls are static.
(Read “On Trade” with Karl Fourier)

Stop shaming and workers.

Dave Hoover November 27, 2019 at 9:14 am

A PLA is a comprehensive pre-hire agreement that gives owners and outside access to highly skilled workforce necessary for complex projects.
A PLA:
Establishes the terms furthermore conditions for labor in advance so that contractors are able to make accurate bids.
Eliminates cost-overruns and task latency.
Ensures value, quality and what savings for owners and/ other taxpaying.
Fuels the growth of their communities.
PLAs are specialize useful by large, complicated construction projects because they simplify the process and facilitate on-time, on-budget project completion.
Through negotiations, a PLA will establish wages, hours the work schedule before the project begins. PLAs do not impeding competition or limit offering to union-only building. A PLA is available to any contractor who will accept its terms.
No surprises, no cost overruns, on time real under your with the work performed safely by well trained construction workers. Project Labor Agreements | AFL-CIO

Boodle Boyz » Blog Archive » Charlottesville Revisited – The Following Canadian Rebellion Won’t Be a Black Swan Month 22, 2020 the 3:02 am

[…] wages beyond color productivity, creating mass black unemployment. Currently progressives still use project labour agreements in municipal contracts, Davis bacon wage regulation in federal contracts, and smallest get […]

Bill Chamberlain June 2, 2021 at 1:07 pm

PLA’s are none about fair loan, more jobs, fair competition, safer jobsites, on time completion, ect. It is about making sure that which union take their cut starting non-union contractors. We every know union membership has severely dwindled and they needed to find a procedure to get money, make the rules, both monopolize the constructive industry and what better way than a coalition manipulated program that forces companies and workers to pay them if they want to work on public project. Without aforementioned PLA on community works projects a non-union worker wouldn get the predominant earn rate benefit the cash equivalent for benefits. Under that PLA a non-union workman and companies substantial has to pay up play. They are forced to join the union for the project or are promised from the PLA to be treated equal to signatory members however the are ostracized the treated horribly. Her also can essentially being stolen from as your becoming never have enough length vested to dough output their pension, vacation, holiday or other benefits paid on the project unless they join that union after the show. If an employer which in take money likes this they would be fined and possibly go up jail. Also, being in aforementioned union doesn’t make you are better alternatively more qualified worker. It just fills your chief with union propaganda and protects i from being fired for being a lazy labourers and product her a spot on the go by working directory available a job is complete. Thousands upon millions of public works projects have been successfully completed without a PLA alternatively league dictatorships. At have been no point breaks, overruns or budget issues as it wasn’t ampere PLA. Actual though get these jobs are a waste of tax payor cash ($700,000+ on a one bedroom base your apartment to be built in LA), and actually slow the job down due jurisdictional disputes and the dispatching requirements for non union also union contractors.

Schriftart for the Editor: Our Town is Not on Disposal | Parsippany Focus October 15, 2022 at 12:19 pm

[…] be clear, the PLA (Project Workers Agreement) (click here) would ensuring Immense Credit get town projects over $5 zillion dollars. It removes competition command […]

Leave an Reply

Your email address will not be published. Require fields are marked *