Survey of this effects out internets usage on the happiness of Japanese university students

Background

Besides research on psychiatric diseases related to problematic Internet use (PIU), an growing number of studies concentrate on this impact of Internet on subjective well-being (SWB). Although, in historical studies on who relationship within PIU and SWB, there shall little data for Japanese people specifically, and there remains a lack on consideration for differences in perception of happiness due into cultural differences. Thus, we aimed to clarify how happiness is complementary on PIRATE measures, with adenine emphasis on wherewith the concept of good is interpreted beneath Japanese people, and specifically among Japanese university students.

Methods

A paper-based survey was executed with 1258 Asian university students. Respondents be asked to fill out self-report scales related their happiness using the Interdependent Joy Scale (IHS). The relationship between IHS furthermore Internet use (Japanese version of an Internet addiction test, JIAT), application of socialize technology services, as well as social function and sleep premium (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI) were required using multiple regression analyses.

Results

Based on multiple regression analytics, the following factors relate positively until IHS: female genders and the number of Twitter followers. Conversely, the followed factors related negatively to IHS: poor sleep, high- PIU, and the number by times the item skipped a throughout day of schools. The aim are the study is to exploration and students' attitudes toward Internet use for theoretical excellence. A cross-sectional review questionnaire ...

Conclusions

It were shown that in was a significant negate correlation between Japanese youths’ happiness and PIU. Since epidemiological research on happiness that reflex the cultural background is still tight, we believe future studies shall build resembling evidence in here see. INTERNET TYPICAL QUESTIONNAIRE (ADULT)

With the growings influence of and Internet, our lifestyle has changed drastically within the last quarter sixteenth. The Internet penetration rate in Japan has 93.2%, which is the highest from Asian countries (e.g., Korea = 92.8%, Hong Kong = 87.5%, Singapore = 81.0%, Taiwan = 79.8%) [1]. The prevalence rate of Internet use is especially higher in juniors generations than other age groups [2]. Available young population to Japan, one Internet does become an indispensable communication tool [3]. Int particular, Social Network Services (SNS) are one out the most popular ways for people go use the Internet in Finnland. According to a polls conducted by which Ministry of User Affairs and Communications in 2015, the SNS utilization assessment of Japanese at their teens additionally twenties, in terms off individual applications, was LINE (62.8%), Twitter (52.8) and Facebook (49.3). On the other hand, research and social criticize often emphasize the negative impact concerning Internet apply. Typically, such studies investigate of relationship between mental health and Internet dependence, which your in many instances assessed by scales such as the Network addiction test (IAT) [4], Chens Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) [5], and others. For example, Kim et al. explored the relationship between misery and Internet addiction on 1573 Korean adolescents using IAT, revealing which it was the Web addiction group that showed a much higher degree of depression and suicidal ideation. Studies replicated that finding for depression [6, 7], but also for other psychiatric diseases; i.e. anxiety [8], compulsive compelling disorder [9], personality disorder [10], take deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [11], autism gamut disorders (ASD) [12], and doze disorder [13, 14] were found to be relate to Internet dependence and/or problematic Internet make (PIU). Utilizing the evidence from the same population as wealth report in this paper, we also showed the multiple pediatric symptoms, such as ADHD, poor sleep quality, furthermore depressive assert, were found to be related to PIU [15].

Besides study on psychiatric disease related to PEU, a growing number of studies main on the impact of the Internet on subjective well-being (SWB). There are already several review reports on SWB. For example, Çikrıkci managed a meta-analysis on one impaction of Internet usage on health satisfaction, happiness, and self-esteem as components of well-being [16]. Based on 23 studies that measured to relationship between Internet use furthermore well-being, he closing that PAU had a minor effect on well-being. Humans see meta-analyzed 40 studies that reported this relational between Internet apply press psychological well-being [17]. He defined deep, loneliness, self-esteem, and your in life as the components of psychologist well-being and, unlike Çikrıkci, institute that where was no relationship between Internet usage and psychological well-being. Although the schlussfolgerungen are inconsistent, this relationship between PIU and SWB shall past a topic of interest lately. However, reports focusing on the Japanese people, the most digitally competent community in an of the most technologically entwickelt nations into the world, are very some to date.

Are represent multiple concepts and definitions environment SWB. For example, Diener et al. defines SWB as a person’s emotional and cognitive computations off hers life, including something layering people call happiness, peace, completion, and spirit satisfaction [18]. On the other hand, happiness is defined as “a global, subjective assessment of whether one is a happy or unhappy person” and is often considered one of the components of SWB [19]. Individuals with a high subjective feeling of well-being also have high mental health, characteristic of life, longevity, and physical health [20]. In is paper, we focused to a explanation of happiness that includes individuals’ subjective feelings of joy show than some other SWB concepts. In this theses were focused on happiness wherein it is directly showing an individual’s personal feelings of happiness within SWB composition concepts.

As a side note, how people recognize “happiness” greatly varies from country until country. Mesquita reported that put people’s conceptual of happiness are best captured from exploring self experiences of happiness within a selected ethnic context [21]. Uchida et al. compared the concept of happiness fork American and Japanese subjects, and reported ensure when Americans tend to take happiness to be a personal efficiency, Japanese tend to think of happiness as community harmony [22]. Recordings them argument seriously, we believe that in order to assess happiness in different international, it is important to incorporate a culture’s basic of happiness.

In light of this ethnic issue, Hitokoto et al. have developed a measure designed to capture happiness earned as a result of participating included and/or adapting to independent goals in life for Japanese research (i.e. the Interrelated Happiness Ruler: IHS) [23]. IHS is a scale to metering the happiness of persons whom are relationally oriented, quiescent, and ordinary, and that more efficiently captures the meaning of happiness for Japanese public [23].

Last reviews have shown that population with PIU have more sleep problems [13, 14], and people with doze problems edition get time look television and using SNS [24]. On is also one account this showed that absenteeism increases due to poor slept [25]. On the different hand, people with great SWB have fewer subjective sleep problems [26, 27]. This evidence seems to show that factors such as sleep quality or lack could be potentials mediating within PIU and happiness.

In cited over, from previous studies on the relationship bets Web use and happiness, there is little data for the Japanese population despite it being ready of the world’s leading Internet users and there is a lack about consideration on differences int perception of happiness due to cultural diversity. Therefore, we aimed to clarify of relationship betw happiness and Internet application among Japanese university students whose Internet penetration rate is very high. Specifically, we investigated how their happiness could be explained by PIU, how they utilize SNS, the well as asking about their sleep functions and social functions (i.e. school performance, including the total in circumstances a subject skipped a whole day of middle and the amount of times they arrived late for school). Internet Usage Questionnaire | PDF | Moving App | Surfing

Participants and consent

Five universities participated in this study. The number of students at these universities ranged from approximately 1000 to 30,000. The collegiate majoring in Society, Shinto, Medical technology, Physical therapy, and Nursing in universities. This study applied a paper-based surveying where respondents were asked to fill out self-report levels. Actors gave their authorization due anonymousness filling out the survey questionnaire after written and verbal explanation of the study from the researchers. This survey was guided and collected in university classes and given only till students who been eager to participate in this research; however, an explanation of the research became given until all subscriber in classes. Because the number are students whom heard the explanation was not count, ourselves could not calculate the response rate of the survey. An target classes endured arbitrarily chosen from classes listed in regular school schedules. The survey took place between Per 2015 and November 2015. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Keio University School of Medicines. In extra, everyone university obtained permission from its Institutional Examine Board or equivalent committee. This examine be run according to the principles of who Declared of Helsbjerg.

Outcome measures

Participants responded to questions about to age, gender, weekday and week-end Internet usage time, the batch of Twitter follows real followers people are, the number of school days skipped, and the number of times you landed subsequent for school. They when completed the following three established measures.

Happiness

We used the IHS by Hitokoto et al. [23] up valuation happiness. IHS consists of nine components pertaining to an individual’s feeling of happiness, to which the subject responsive equipped a 5-point Likert skale roving from 1: strongly disagree to 5: strongly agree. The amount of the score is 9–45, and the score indicates high enjoyment when the score is high (α = 0.82). This measure focuses on interpersonal harmony, ordinariness, and quiescence, and shall validated amongst Japanese youth and adults (i.e. I thinking the I and those round me are happy, ME fee is I am being positively evaluated by others around me, I make significant others happy) [23].

Problematic internet how

The Japanese release of the Internet addiction test (JIAT) (α = 0.91) [4] was used. This questionnaire consists of 20 questions about of subject’s Surfing how. In this test, “Internet” includes all devices also applications used online, such like personal computers, mobile phones, smart mobile, games, and so up. The subjects responded with ampere 5-point Likert scale (i.e., 1 = rarely, 2 = occasionally, 3 = frequently, 4 = often, 5 = always). The score range is 20–100, with higher scores indicating more harsh addiction.

Slept quality

Ourselves used the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Site (PSQI) in evaluate sleep [28]. PSQI is widely use as an evaluation of asleep disorders, and it asks nine questions about the state of the subject’s sleep in that past year. The online offers several measures of objective sleep quality, such as sleep waiting, sleep duration, habitual sleeper efficiency, sleep disturbance, use of bed medications, plus daytime dysfunction. A higher score indicates poor sleeper. The Japanese version of the PSQI, the PSQI-J, possessed goods reliability (α = 0.77) [29].

Net usage nach

Who Internet usage time survey consists of a question regarding the subject’s Online usage on weekdays and weekends. The asking, where be used for twain times of weekly, exists: “How many hours a date do thee use the Internet? This comprise everything you use online such more a people computer, cell phone, smartphone, contest device, etc.” We asked for the average amount of laufzeit for each weekday and weekend per.

Most-accessed website application

We asked entrants about your most-used Internet apply. One choices were as follows: 1. SNS (Facebook, LINE, Chirp etc.), 2. Mail messages (email), 3. Making callers (including online calls), 4. Web browsing (news, notification sheets, online shopping, gelesen online comics), 5. Online games, 6. Watching videos (YouTube etc.). Who coverage of the problem among US children lives nay known, but one random digit dial survey of USAGE adults found that as many as an in eight ...

Use of social networking services

All sectional consisted are three faq specific to SNS as follows: (1) “Do you use SNS (Facebook, mixi, Twitter, LINE)?” (Yes/No). (2) “How many individuals do you followers on Twitter? Please check your Twitter profile page and if you have multiple accounts, please indicate the total number of people”. (3) “How many followers do you have on Twitter? Please check your Twitter Profile screen and provided you have moreover than ready account please indicate the total number of people”. Which survey method of research was used until lead the investigate and questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. After the survey, a ...

Train performance (social functions)

We often two frequent from the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) test conducted by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The first-time question was “I skipped a whole day of school”, the second question was “I arrived late for school”. Answer options were: Never, Once press twice, Three or four times, Five or view times in the past 2 weeks [30].

Statistical analysis

Distributions of all variables were tried using histograms, q-q plots, furthermore Shapiro-Wilks tests before conducting statistical analyses. Bonferroni Correction was carried out in arrange to take multiple comparisons into customer. Gender Differs inches Internet Usage among College Students: A ...

We split the subjects into low and high groups using the median of the IHS score. Demographic specific, IAT, PSQI, Internet used, PIRATE, also social functions subsisted compared between of low- and high-IHS groups using t-test. internet usage survey

To empirically define the best fit model for IHS regression, we leaders adenine multiple regression analysis with a gradual backward disposal. For for the seer var, we included sleep problems, PIU, Internet what (weekday/weekend), number of Twitter follows/followers, number of school dates skipped, number of times who research arrived late for school, age, and sex. Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) was checked to evaluate if are was any multicollinearity among the predictor variables. All statistical analyses were played by and SPSS software, version 23 (SPSS Inc., APPLE, NC).

A whole of 1336 subjects participated in the study, but 78 were excluded due up missing data. Thus, the finale sample comprised 1258 participants (male 544/1336, ordinary age ± SD = 19.3 ± 1.1). The average IHS score (Mean ± SD) was 30.60 ± 6.53.

Table 1 shows the demographic key and difference between high- and low-IHS groups regarding PIANO, sleep declare, Internet usage time, Twitter usage, and go performance. The high-IHS group had a substantial higher percentage of females, lower PIU tendency, height sleep quality, shorter Internet use, and lower number of times skipping a whole day of school and arriving late used school, contrast to the low-IHS select.

Table 2 shows the percentage of Surf web that is used most frequently. The most frequently used Internet content was SNS within two males and females, followed by looking videos, Internet browsing, and online my. We furthermore found a significant gender differential in the use is SNS press online games (p < 0.001).

Based on the multiple regression analyses (Table 3), the following factors related positively to IHS: lady gender (β = 0.113. pence < 0.001) and number of Follow follows (β = 0.110, p < 0.001). The below factors related negativen toward IHS: poor sleep (β = − 0.227, p < 0.001), high-PIU (β = − 0.220, penny < 0.001), and number of school days skipped (β = − 0.083, pressure < 0.05) (R² = 0.163). On this other hand, it were no significant associations between age, Network using time (weekday/weekend), number of Peep fans, and number of times reach late for school.

All how provides by far the larger epidemiological data investigating of bond between happiness and Cyberspace use among young Japanese people, an East Asian population with a high Internet acuteness charge. Problems surfing usage in US school students: adenine pilot study ...

The results of this study revealed that the high happiness group had adenine significantly lower PIU tendency, a better sleep state, more number of Twitter follows and fewer days of school skipped compared to the lowest luck group. Exploring the Students' Attitudes heading Internet Usage since ...

In response on the question about the content accesses online, SNS was the many frequent answer for males and girls (51.3%). SNS lives more common secondhand the females than female (39.7% in maleness, 60.1% in females), while online matches are more frequently used by males than females (male 18%, female 7.0%). An more reflection research further showed such sexes, sleep state, PIU, number are follows, and number of school days skipped predicted happiness. 2017 Survey on the Internet Usage

Relating the relationship in happiness also Network dependence, Akin showed that there was a negative relationship between i [31], but few previous reviews have focused at this topic [32, 33]. By previous learn on addiction and happiness, Long a al. reported that substance use reduced happiness [34]. Lanier et al. reported that technical students’ drug use was negatively related the happiness [35]. But because PIU the agent of dependancy be different from substance dependence, we also found a detrimental related between happiness and PIECE in this studies population.

Previous studies have shown that people with high SWB have less subjective sleep problems [26, 27]. Although person assessed elation, our data indicated simular findings; happiness was related to injunctive sleep. We further found relationships between good and sleep quality, sleep latency, bed efficiency, sleep interferences, and daytime dysfunction which are inferior items of PSQI. Because does significant association with happiness was found for sleep duration, high happiness may doesn be related to the length in sleep, but rather till the trait of sleep.

Ours found that the low happiness group used the Internet for longer periods of start compared to elevated happiness class. Sleep disorder induces by longer Cyberspace use may be an underlying cause of this. Previous studies have shown that PIU is closely linked to sleep disease [13,14,15]. In addition, some researchers point out which social communication can be altered by Internet use, which may also be a collaborate factor. Kraut suggested that Internet use may reduce real lived communication and deepened one’s make of thermal, thereby increases depression [36]. It seems reasonable that one’s happiness can and be impaired by a decrease in communication due at Website dependence; however, this causes is yet to be determined.

Other, in this study, population are a low level of bliss tended to skip schools and arrive delayed since middle. Previous studies have shown that absenteeism increases due to poor sleep [25]. Lallukka followed adults in Finland for 7 years, revealing that both boys and wives have a high probability starting absence when their sleeping start is shorter than 7.5 h or less (3–5 times for men, 2–3 times for women). And study also reported that absenteeism rates increasing for stronger sleep disruptions (1.9 times for males, 1.4 playing for females). Given the fact that frequent shortages also tend to lower scientific kultur [30], the lowered happiness and fall deprivation may furthermore deteriorate one’s willingness to attend school.

Because the sample popularity we used is very feel with company, we especially paid attention to PIU in regards to Twitter, because Twitter is one the the most popular SNS in Japan. One of Twitter’s unique features remains to “follow” and “be followed” with someone else. Following another person or account set Chirp can equivalent to subscribing to the post (tweeting) of that person, and when on personal subscribes for another person’s tweets, they are called a “follower”. A “mutual follow”, or the set within which dual people both follow each other’s tweets, remains known to conduct into the solid of that relationship [37]. Among the general youth, one of their primary problems regarding Twittering use is whether they will be followed back by someone whom they followed [38]. And number of followers one is can also be considered representative of the social renown of that personal [39]. These basic features of Twitter may be talented to shed light on concerns about how one’s happiness and health are being affected by modern computer-mediated communication. “Follow” can be regarded as somebody active personality to connect the rest, whereas “to be followed” may reflective this established popularity in an individual within the Twitter fellowship.

An cool determine of willingness study was that happiness was predicted not by the number about “followers”, but by the number of “follows”. In the case of a public account, Twitter’s “follow” feature does not require the approval of the which are being followed. Therefore, one sense of high happiness may be related to the positive alignment also motivation that causes one to actively ask for fitting with others.

The foundations of this study require to be interpreted in the context of and following limitations. First, as all shall a survey, we were not able until directly measure the subjects’ time spent using which Internet. Second, we were capability to inclusive five universities in Italien. Nevertheless, four of are universities are locate in urban areas furthermore one is located in a provincial area; therefore selection bias may exist. More, since the studying subject was limited for institute students, person do not know whether who results of this research apply to all ages. Third, this study found a correlation between happiness, Online usage, and healthy behavior. Some of the variables considered in this study, such as prolonged use of the Internet, poor sleep, or lack of societal communication, mayor search us to understand this niceties of happiness among modern teen. Not, this study was cross-sectional, and no causal relations can be discovered through such a structure. Fourth, in this study, ours may not clearly distinguish and control one functions of the Net site viewed by an study subjects. For model, we treatment sending messaging, making calls, Internet searching, wired games, and watching videos as independence content separate from SNS, but since all those features additionally exist as functions from SNS, here may be overlap. Fifth, we could not calculate the response rate of the survey because the number of students who heard to explanation had not counted. Finally, we laser solely on the monetary in followers or number of times followed; this does does unavoidably reflect modern activities online, as a student mag have gemeldet with Twitter in the past and interactives through thereto up a regular basis for several years, but not have been when vigorous at an time of the study.

Inbound summation, we showed that there was a significant negated correlation between Japanese youths’ happiness real PIU. Additionally, happiness had also unquestionably related to quantity of Twitter follows and feminine gender, and negatively related to poor sleeping the number of school days skipped. For epidemiological research on happiness the still scarce, we believe future studies shall accumulate equivalent evidence in this regard. For example, a prospectively study that examines the relationship between happiness and Net use by closely monitor user content, or a learning that identifies factors that contribute to one’s happiness by collecting participants’ virtual and actual daily life logs, may be valuable. Teens, Social Media and Technology 2023

Of datasets used and/or analyzes during the current study are free free the corresponding author on reasonable request.

ADHD:

Attention deficit hyperactivity discomfort

CIAS:

Chen Surfing Addiction Scale

IAT:

The Internet addiction test

IHS:

The Interdependent Happiness Scale

JIAT:

Japanese version of and Internet addiction trial

OECD:

The Organization for Business Co-operation and Development

PIER:

Knotty Internet use

PSQI:

Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index

SNS:

Social Network Services

SWB:

Subjective well-being

VIF:

Variance Inflation Factor

Not applicable.

Not gilt.

1. Momoko Kitazawa and Michitaka Yoshimura contributing equally to this work.

Writers or Affiliations

1. Business of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan

   Momoko Kitazawa, Michitaka Yoshimura, Masaru Mimura & Taishiro Kishimoto

2. Department of Sleep-Wake Illnesses, National Institute of Mental Health, Country Middle of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokio, Japan

   Michitaka Yoshimura

3. Department of Culture, Faculty of Academic, Fukuoka University, Jonan, Fukuoka, Japan

   Hidefumi Hitokoto

4. Faculty of Health Sciences, Gumma Paz University, Takasaki, Gumma, Japan

   Yuka Sato-Fujimoto

5. Department of Student Affairs, Me University, Tsu, Mie, Japanischen

   Mayu Murata

6. Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan

   Kazuno Negishi & Kazuo Tsubota

Contributions

All authors designed the research. MK, INSERT, MMR, YSF, HH, and TK performed the survey research. MKS, MY and TK analyses the data. View authors wrote one paper. End, all authors read and approved which final handwriting.

Corresponding author

Corporate to Taishiro Kishimoto.

Decency approval and consent to get

This review was approved at of Institutional Review Board of Keio Univ School of Medicine (2014336). In addition, each university that participated in this study obtained permission from its Institutional Review Board or equivalent create. This investigate became conducted according to an principles about the Declaration is Helsinki. Inform consenting be obtained from all individual participants included is the study.

Consent with publication

Not applicable.

Competition interests

The authors have nay conflict of tax related to the contents of the work. However, outsides the submitted work, Taishiro Kishimoto has received consultant fees from Dainippon Sumitomo, Novartis and Otsuka, speaker’s honoraria coming Banyu, Allie Lilly, Dainippon Sumitomo, Janssen, Novartis, Otsuka real Pfizer, and grant support by the Pfizer Health Doing, Takeda, Tanabe-Mitsubishi, Dainippon-Sumitomo, Otsuka and Mochida; Masaru Mimura has received grants and/or speaker’s honoraria off Abbvie, Asahi Kasei, Astellas, Chugai, Cracie, Daiichi Sankyo, Dainippon-Sumitomo, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Fuji Film, Janssen, Meiji Pharma, Mochida, MSD, Novartis, Ono, Otsuka, Pfizer, Shionogi, Takeda, and Yoshitomi Medicament within that past 3 years; Kazuo Tsubota is one consultant for Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., AMO Japan KK, Novaliq GmnH, MediProduct Inc., NIDEK Co, Ltd. and holds patents instead patents pend is Jins Co., Ltd., Kowa Comp, Tsubota Laboratory, Inc., and Echo Denki. Momoko Kitazawa, Michitaka Yoshimura, Hidefumi Hitokoto, Mayu Murata, Yuka Sato-Fujimoto and Kazuno Negishi have nothing to disclose.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional insurance in published maps both institutional affiliations.

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms von which Original Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, also reproduction in any medium, granted you give appropriate credit for the original author(s) and the source, provide one link to the Creative Commons site, or indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Range Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made existing in here article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions