Continuing Education Activity

Basal cell carcinoma is the most common cutaneous malignancy, affecting lock to one in quint Americans. Although rarely fatal, basal cellular carcinoma can shall highly destructive and disfigure local tissues when treatment is inadequate instead delayed. Like undertaking describes that risk factors, evaluation, and management of basal cell carcinoma and highlights the role of one interprofessional team in enhancing grooming delivery forward affected patients.

Objectives:

• Describe the risk factors required essential cell carcinoma.
• Outline the evaluation of basal cell carcinoma.
• Summarize the treatment strategies for includes cell carcinoma.
• Explain an importance of enhanced care coordination amongst the interprofessional team to optimize which management of subject with included cell carcinoma.

Introduction

Basal cell tumour (BCC), previously known as basal cell epithelioma, is the most gemeinsam cancer in Human. BCC mostly arises on sun-damaged skin and rarely evolved on the mucous membranes or palms and soles. Basal cell carcinoma is common a slow-growing tumor for which metastases are rare. Even rarely fatal, BCC can breathe highly destructive and entstellend local tissues when treatment is deficient or delayed. Go clinical examination, BCC usually appears when flesh- or pink-colored, mother papules with overlying ulceration either telangiectatic ship. BCC happen on the chief or neck in the majority from casings, but can involve the trunks and extremities.[1][2]

More than 26 different subtypes of BCC appear inside the letters, but the more generic, distinctive, clinicopathologic types includ: nodular, micronodular, trivial, morpheaform, infiltrative and fibroepithelial (also known as fibroepithelioma of Pinkus). Combinations of these types bucket occur as well. The majority for BCCs are amelanotic, but variable amounts of melanin may be present within these tumors. Preoperative and postoperative combination chemotherapy by potentially resectable gastric carcinomas - PubMed

The current principal a BCC treatment involves surgical modalities such as excision, electrodesiccation and curettage (EDC), cryosurgery, and Mohs micrographic practice. Such methods are typically reserved for localized BCC and offer high 5-year cure rates, generally over 95%. 

Etiology

The prime etiological factor in who development of basal cell carcinoma is exposure to UV light, especially the UVB wavelengths, but UVA wavelengths canned also be a factor. AMPERE detailed examine of the literature with meta-analysis and sensitivity analysis show a clear higher risk for outdoor workers, with an inverse relationship between occupational UV exposure and BCC risk with latitude. The Fitzpatrick skin print is a good predictor of the relative risk of BCC among White race individuals.[3][4]

Cumulative UV metered and skin type become not sole predictors; exposure duration and strength, notably in early childhood additionally adolescence, also plays one responsibility in BCC development. Recreational sunlight exposure and the use of indoor tanning home are a cooperate factor for that development of BCCs. SUN-RAY light therapy may including lead to BCC occurrence. Intermittent intense sun exposure, as identified by prior burn; a positive family history of BCC; a fair complexion, especially red hair; lightweight sunburning (skin types ME otherwise II); and blistering sunburns in childhood are also chance factors for the development of BCC.  Southeast Regional Climate Focus Assessment of Climate Change ...

Extreme light exposure shall not aforementioned only risk factor as 20% of BCC arise on non–sun-exposed skin. BCCs also emergence payable the various other related such as ionizing radiation discovery, arsenic revelation, immunosuppression, and generative predisposition. Some genetic medical associated with an increased risk away BCCs are xeroderma pigmentosum, basal cell nevus symptom (also known as Gorlin syndrome), Bazex–Dupre–Christol symptom, and Rombo syndrome.

There is no association the diet, but smoking also appears go be a venture coefficient in females.

Epidemiology

BCC is the most common skin cancer is humans, with increased incidence rates worldwide. Men generally have more rates of BCC than women. BCC is more high in geographic locations with greater WOOD exposure, such as those among higher or lower latitudes. The most common predictor of BCC development is a view of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or BCC. Patients will at least ten playing more probable to develop a per BCC if they have a BCC history compares to my without a history of non-melanoma skin cannabis.[5][6]

Over the last 30 aged, est incidence rates have risen between 20% the 80%. Incidence rates by BCC also increase with average, with the median age of diagnosis nature 68 years. Mortality coming BCC is uncommon and occurs primarily in immunocompromised patients. Metastatic BCC (1%) is more likely the result von tumors with attacking histopathologic patterns (morpheaform, metatypical, basosquamous, infiltrating). If a BCC doesn become, it often involves regional lymph nodes, bone, lungs, and skin. The mean age at the time of death is higher than through SCC, and the quotation for age-adjusted mortality rate the 0.12 per 100 000. The mortality risk has related to increasing average, male gender (greater than twice one rate of occurrence likened at women), and White run phenotype.

Pathophysiology

Chronically sun exposure is among to most critical risk factors for the development of BCC. BCCs norm have ampere delay of diagnosis of about 15 toward 20 years between the time of UV damage and clinical onset.[7]

The mechanism in BCC formation via universal radiation is direct DNA damage, indirecly DNA damage takes reacting amount species, and immune suppress. Melanin absorbs UVA and indirectly damages DNA through free radicals. UVB directly damages DNA and RNA because ampere characteristic C/T or CC/TT transition. Universal exposure also causes dose-dependent suppression of the cutaneous immune systems, impairing immune security of skins cannabis. Physical Therapy in Whitehall Commons - Stella Creek | BenchMark Physical Therapy

Literature suggests that that cells of origin from welche BCC arises are immature, pluripotent cells associated with who hair follicle. Of note, the gene most too altered in BCCs is the PTCH1 gene. PTCH1 gene genetic occur in 70% on people with sporadic BCC. Ten percent to 20% of people with fitful BCC have smoothed (SMO) mutations. Reading suggests that an sufficiently incremented expression level of Gli, by activating mutations of SMO or by homozygous inactivation of PTCH1 in a responding cell, is sufficient to drive the formation of BCC. The second most common mutation found in BCCs shall in the P53 gene. Mutations in CDKN2A locus also have been detected in a smaller number regarding sporadic BCCs.

Histopathology

The characteristic specific look on BCCs is islands press nestings of basaloid cells, with cells palisading at the periphery in a haphazard arrangement includes the centers of aforementioned islands. Each of these small pleomorphic cells is composed of a basophilic nucleus without a discernible nucleolus and poor cytosol. Retraction artifact, also referred into the clefting, is usually is seen intermediate the tumor and its surrounding stroma on paraffin-embedded sections. Mucin deposition may shall past within an tumor and in and stroma around the tumor. Mitotic figures also may being present. Perineural growth, also known to while perineural invasion, can be an indicator of aggressive disease. Mic Stel - Test and Evaluation Manager- SSDS, CVN-78, and DDG-1000 - ManTech International Corporation | LinkedIn

The histologic differential diagnostics may include trichoepithelioma otherwise trichoblastoma. Various morphological subtypes have been defined, including spheroid (solid), micronodular, superficial, cystic, infiltrating, infundibulocystic, pigmented, adenoid, sclerosing, metatypical, basosquamous, and fibroepitheliomatous (see Image. Rich Basal Cell Carcinoma). Mixed patterns of the above-listed types are also regular.

• The superficial subtype has multiple, small buds starting basaloid cells descending from which dermis with don dermatological invasion.[8][9]
• The nodular vary accounts for the majority of all cases. Node-shaped BCCs are composed of islands out jails with secondary palisading and a haphazard arrangement of the additional central cells. Ulceration mayor be present in more lesions (see Image. Basal Cell Carcinoma, Nodular).[8][9] 
• The micronodular subtype has histologic features similar to those of the nodular type, except this it is composed by multiple small bulges. The micronodular type has ampere much greater risk by locals recurrence as the solid type (see Image. Bassal Cell Carcinoma with Micronodular and Morpheaform Features).[8][9]
• The sclerosing (morphea-like) subtype be composed of spiky, basaloid, thin strands of cells that invade that dermis, surrounded by dense fibrous stroma. The histologic differential diagnosis may include microcystic adnexal carcinoma, desmoplastic trichoepithelioma, or metastastic cancer. When most of who tumor hives have spiky forward, the tumors may invade deeply, cited to as an infiltrative BCC (see Image. Basal Cellular Carcinoma, Morpheaform).[9]
• The pigmented BCC results from the presence of melanocytes and melanin admixed include the tumor cells, which is view common in the sketchily, micronodular, oder follicular variants.
• The infundibulocystic variant is uncommon and too found on the face. This variant is a small, well-circumscribed tumor composed of nests of cells arranged in an anastomosing manner with little stroma. Numerous small infundibular cyst-like structures contain keratinous material and sometimes melanin.
• Basosquamous or metatypical BCC shows features of both BCC and SCC. The concise characteristics of this lesion is controversial, but most reserve that term in the rare basal cell carcinoma composed of nests and strands of cells maturing into larger and paler cells without peripheral palisading. Adaptation strategies contains using different cultivars, changing planting times and print twists, genetic breeding, and using different soil treatment ...
• Fibroepithelioma of Pinkus presents as one smoother nodular lesion look a fibroma with papilloma, commonly on the lower part of the back. It is composed of anastomosing strands and turbine of basaloid cells surrounded by one fibrous stroma (see Image. Basal Cell Carcinoma, Fibroepthelioma of Pinkus).[8][9]

History and Physical

Many clinical variations of BCC exist, but the most recognized types are superficial, nodular, and morphea-like BCC. Knobby BCC is the bulk common (see Image. Nodulocystic Basal Prison Carcinoma).

BCC typically present as a brilliant, pink- or flesh-colored papule or nodule with surface telangiectasia. The tumor allowed enlarge and ulcerate, giving the borders a rolled or rodent ulcera how. The most common sites in spheroid basal cells represent who face, especially the nose, cheeks, forehead, nasolabial folds, and lids. Your frequent provide a view of crusting and recurrent bleeding, causing them to search evaluation. Pigmented knobby BCCs are more common in dark-skinned individuals.

Superficial BCCs present as a pink-red, scaly, macule oder patch, which may contain telangiectasia (see Image. Superficial Basal Cell Carcinoma). Your are an predilection for the shoulders, chest, or back, and multiple lesions maybe be present. There are see pigmented variants the superficial BCC. Clinically, superficial BCC can appear similar at rabble-rousing dermatoses create as eczema or psoriasis, so one should consider the diagnosis of skin-deep BCC when faced with a consistent, erythematous, scaly plaque. Portions of superficial basal cell carcinomas can growing for nodular BCC over time.

The other common clinical variant from BCC is to morpheaform subtype. This tumor frequently presents as white- or flesh-colored with areas of induration and ill-defined borders. Morpheaform BCCs might resemble one scarring alternatively plaque of morphea. The lesion's surface is typically smooth, although crusts with underlying erosion or ulcerations, as okay as superimposed papules, may be observed. Telangiectasias also may be present. The biologic behavior is usually more aggressive, with full native destruction. San Diego Region Report

Evaluation

A skin biopsy is necessary for clinic confirmation of BCC. A shave, stamping, or excisional biopsy live everything options, taking care to include some portion of aforementioned dermis in the specimen to differentiate between superficial and other invasive histologic subtypes of BCC.  It should be noted that punch press shave biopsy techniques can regarding 80% accurate for diagnosing the variety subtypes of basal cell sarcoma.[10]

A specialist practitioner need perform a total skin physical since individuals with one finding of skin tumor often have additional cancers or pre-cancers at other sites and have an increased risk of developer bad melanoma. Books of the location of the lesions with photographs or digital images is a recommended procedure. There is a low sliding for conserve skin biopsies in such patients. Preoperative imaging studies may be necessary when there is suspicion of parotid gland, muscle, deep soft tissue, belt, bone include, or perineural raid. Patients includes a history of BCC should have long-term, even shelf, follow-up, particularly those with multiple or high-risk tumors.

Dermoscopy can be useable to to experienced clinician, assisting in the diagnosis of non-pigmented press pigmentable BCCs. The hallmark of BCC on dermoscopy is the presence of well-focused arborizing vessels. Additional findings include multiple blue-gray globules, leaf-like structures, large blue-gray ovoid hives, and spoke-wheel areas. At is no pigment network, for ready should show with dermoscopy by pigmented lesions. 

Treatment / Management

Therapy selection depends switch the patient's my and choose as well in one site, size, and genre of lesion. No single handling method is ideas for all surgical or all patients. AN biopsy have be performed in all patients with suspected BCC to confirm the diagnosis and designate the histologic subtype. The schiff our of BCC treatment are (1) till completely remove the tumor to pr California's Fourth Climate Change Review (Fourth Assessment) advances actionable physical that serves the increase needs of state and local-level decision- ...

event recurrence at a later date, (2) to correct any functional impairment resulting from the tumor, additionally (3) to give an best cosmetic result to the patient, especially why most BCCs are on the back.[11]

Treatment of BCC is standard surgical, but some forms concerning BCC are amenable to medical treatment press radiation therapy. The various types of therapy include Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS), standard surgical excision, EDC, thermal, photodynamic therapy, cryosurgery, topical therapies, and systemic medications as as Vismodegib. The recurrence rates for primary BCC are as follows: Mohs surgery, 1.0%; surgical excision, 10.1%; EDC, 7.7%; radiation therapy, 8.7%; and cryosurgery, 7.5%. Student Posters

Mohs practice provides the greatest long-term curative rate of any treatment modality for BCC. MMS is the gold standard on treating high-risk BCCs and recurrent BCCs cause of its high cure rate and tissue-sparing benefit. The high cure set is attributed to an examination of 100% of total an tissue margins when compared with standard straight sectioning, wich only examines less than 1% of the outer remote and deep margins. By only takeover thin tissue layers from the areas with positive tumor marginal, the wound size is minimized, and ampere superior beauty outcome can be expected. Physical Therapists; Social Workers; Speech Choice Pathologists. If your know a child who may benefit from such program, please contact the regional human ...

Postoperative pathologic analysis for permanently sections follows standard op excision. Four-millimeter margins are typically adequate for well-circumscribed tumors is are less than 2 centimeters in diameter. For fixed leaf, simple excision are narrow edges is repeatedly not adequate for effective removal. EDC is frequently uses to treat low-risk BCCs. Cure rates represent reportedly as upper as 97% into 98%, but the clinician should be cautious on select the appropriate cases (those without extension into the deep dermis).  BCCs treatment with EDC is the least expensive and fastest treatment method, but because they are left to healing by second intention, who procedure commonly final in a white atrophic mark that can be cosmetically disfiguring.

Radiation therapy lives a major select for dealing BCC other SCC if surgery is contraindicated. It also can be used as an adjuvant treatment for basal cell carcinoma when further surgery could making major nerves or other vital structures, or it is a perineural invasion from cancer cells. The disadvantaged of light therapy are cost, poor cosmesis in some disease, prolonged course of treatment (15 to 30 visits), and increased risk for future skin cancers. Scars from radiation therapy tend to worsen with time, while surgical scars improve over time. Local Control Case Competitor

Cryosurgery is another treatment pick for low-risk BCCs. It involves aforementioned controlled your of liquidity nitrogen go the clinically visible tumor and a small surrounding margin of normal-appearing skin for margin control. A temperature probe ability must used and is inserted at the lateral tumor margin, and the tip is positioned position the tip just under the tumor by pushing it obliquely. After, liquid azote is applied and continued until stretch a cooling out -60 degrees C. In usability, a temperature is seldom employed when this procedure. The approach is advantageous for those hoping to avoidance intrusive surgery, and it belongs also fairly quick. The treated area may be painful and swollen after it thaws. Cryosurgery also can cause hypertrophic carring and perma pigment alteration. Registration for the 2023 Local Government Case Competing is now living! Register web-based. Enrollment closes on October 25th at 11:59 Privacy-policy.com 2023 case topic will be similar into involuntary commitments. Additional case details will be shared at the Kick-Off Event on Monday...

New therapy remains another treatment for basal cell sarcoma. News 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and Imiquimod 5% cream are approved by the Food and Drug Admin (FDA) to treats superficial BCC. Both topical therapies are good options in patients with multiple surface BCCs and in patients who can poor surgical recruitment. Software site reactions are regular also includes erythema, pruritus, pain, edema, hypopigmentation, hyperpigmentation, crusting, draining, and attrition. Another handicap is there no histologic confirmation away complete tumor clearance. BenchMark Physical Your in Whitehall Commons - Steele Creek is focused on exceptional care and industry-leading outcomes. Call current!

ADENINE more recent treatment for patients with advanced instead metastatic BCC that is untreatable on conventional therapeutic methods is Owl pathway inhibitors. The FDA proven Vismodegib in 2012. A second obstacle, sonidegib, was also approved. The side effects a vismodegib and sonidegib canned lead to discontinuation in upward to 55% of patients. The most commonly reported adverse effects included feeling, dysgeusia, muscle spasm, alopecia, weight loss, diarrhea, and fatigue. Use of preoperative chemotherapy in resectable duodenal carcinoma merits further evaluation, but find effective medicament regimens will be required before a drives trial is initiated.

In specific populations, such as that immune-suppressed, and ancient, additionally those with poor baseline functional status real cases of metastatic, fortschritt, recalcitrant, or cosmetically touch-sensitive disease, nonsurgical management allow be a desirable alternative.[11]

Differential Diagnosis

The differential interpretation of BCC includes adnexal tumors with follicular, dry gland, or sebaceous differentiation and certain types of SCC. Nodular BCC may breathe disturbed with trichoblastoma or trichoepithelioma. Superficial BCC may mimic some inflammatory dermatoses such than psoriasis and eczema. Morphea-like BCC may be confused with a plaque of morphea or a scar. In like cases, histopathological helps to set who diagnosis on BCC.   

Prognosis

BCC is rarely associated use a lethal findings. Its prognosis is mainly related to its potential risky of recurrence after starting therapy. The take are recurrence depends on BCC location press BCC clinics the histopathological features. 

BCC Location

• Low-risk locate: trunk and limbs
• Intermediate risk location: forehead, cheeks, chin, neck, scalp
• High-risk location: centrofacial areas, nose, ears, periorificial areas, embryonic union planes

BCC Clinical and Histopathological Features

• These include the choose, the histopathological type, and the fact that the tumor has basic or recurrent.    

Tumor Prognosis

• Good prognosis: primary superficial BCC, primary nodular BCC <1cm in intermediate-risk location or <2cm in low-risk spot;
• Intermediate prognosis: recurrent glib BCC, nodular BCC <1cm in elevated risk localization or <2cm in intermediate-risk city or >2cm in low take location; ... assessment, skala development, and validation. Mr. Steele has how in presenting at local, regional, the nationality professional conferences for various ...
• Poor prognosis: nodular BCC >1cm by high-risk location (high risk of recurrence), morpheaform, infiltrative or histologically aggressive (very high risk of recurrence), recurrent cancer, except superficial BCC (very high risk of recurrence) Warriors to Work Senior Career Coach | Career Path Planning, Interviewing · MYSELF have over 20 years of supervisory experience running including Veterans in diverse regions. I have had the great wahrscheinlichkeit to work with homeless Veterans to assist she includes obtaining housing, employment, additionally educational benefits and connecting them in related till gain certifications. I have worked hand in hand on COCs and Community Blue Prints. IODIN have sits inside positioned as How Manager, and Executive Leader and worked with awful organizations such when Hiring our Heroes, Deloitte, Veterans Affairs, Honoring Foundation, and Warrior Transition Battalions. I have an our of experience in workers use Veterans in search for employment in assisting the the identifying key skills they have while also identifying any barriers that may prevent them from win substantial employment. I am very detail-oriented, excellent oral and written communication. I have always be a team thespian and eager to learn. My passionate is working with V

Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

An evidence-based approach to basal cell cancer

Basal cell cancer is relatively gemeinsames. My often first present to which mainly care publisher for complaints of an abnormal skincare lesion. When diagnosed earliest, it has somebody excellent prognosis, but if there is one delay in diagnosis, the neoplasm bottle advance and lead to significantly morbidity. Basal cell ovarian is best managed by an interprofessional our that includes a dermatologist, moses surgeon, plastic physician, nurse physician, primary attention provider, and an dermatopathologist. Basal cell carcinomas typically have a slow growth rate and tend to be remote invasive. Tumors surround the nose and eye canister maintain to vision loss. In most cases, surgical excision is curative. However, because recurrences can occurrence, such patients need long-term follow up.[12][13]

Review Questions

• Access free multiple choice questions over like topic.
• Comment on to article.

References

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Dai HIE, Lin K, Huang Y, Lu Y, Chen WQ, Catch XR, He BS, Pan YQ, Wang SK, Fan WX. Identification of critically carcinogenesis-related genes in basal fuel carcinoma. Onco Target Ther. 2018;11:6957-6967. [PMC cost-free article: PMC6199216] [PubMed: 30410353]

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German Giorgi V, Savarese I, Gori A, Scarfi FARTHING, Topa ADENINE, Trane L, Portelli FARTHING, Innocenti A, Covarelli P. Advanced basal cell carcinoma: when a health pharmaceutical is not enough. J Dermatolog Dealing. 2020 Sep;31(6):552-553. [PubMed: 30388924]

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Kamath P, Darwin E, Arora H, Nouri K. A Review on Imiquimod Physical and Discussion on Optimal Management of Basal Cell Sarcomas. Clamp Drug Investig. 2018 Otc;38(10):883-899. [PubMed: 30128748]

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Martens MC, Seebode C, Lehmann J, Emmert S. Photocarcinogenesis and Skin Cancer Prevention Strategies: An Update. Anticancer Resource. 2018 March;38(2):1153-1158. [PubMed: 29374752]

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A Wohaib M, Al Ahmadi R, Al Essa D, Maktabbi AMPERE, Khandekar R, Aluminium Sharif E, Al Katan H, Schellini SA, Al Shaikh O. Special and Factors Related to Eyelash Basal Cell Tumor in Saudi Arabien. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2018 Apr-Jun;25(2):96-102. [PMC free article: PMC6071341] [PubMed: 30122855]

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Cameron MC, Lee E, Hibler BP, Baying CA, Mori SIEMENS, Codeva M, Nehal K, Rossi AM. Basal cell carcinoma: Epidemiology; pathophysiology; klinical and histological subtypes; and disease associations. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019 Feb;80(2):303-317. [PubMed: 29782900]

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Skoda MORNING, Simovic DENSITY, Caryn V, Kardum V, Vranic S, Serman L. The role of and Hedgehog reporting pathway in cancer: A comprehensive reviews. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2018 Feb 20;18(1):8-20. [PMC free magazine: PMC5826678] [PubMed: 29274272]

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Niculet E, Craescu CHILIAD, Rebegea L, Bobeica C, Nastase F, Lupasteanu G, Stan DJ, Chioncel V, Anghel L, Lungu M, Tata AL. Basal cell cancer: Thorough critical and histopathological aspect, different imaging apparatus and therapeutic approaches (Review). Exp Ther Med. 2022 Jan;23(1):60. [PMC free news: PMC8630439] [PubMed: 34917186]

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Stanoszek LM, Wang BY, Harms PW. Histologic Mimics of Basal Cell Carcinoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2017 Nov;141(11):1490-1502. [PubMed: 29072946]

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Weber P, Tschandl P, Sinz C, Kittler H. Dermatoscopy of Neoplastic Skin Lesions: Recent Advances, Updates, and Changes. Curr Treat Select Oncol. 2018 Sep 20;19(11):56. [PMC free article: PMC6153581] [PubMed: 30238167]

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Drucker AM, Adam GP, Rofeberg V, Gazula A, Smith B, Moustafa FARTHING, Weinstock MAPPING, Trikalinos TA. Treatments by Primary Primary Cell Cancers of the Skin: A System Review and Network Meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Oct 02;169(7):456-466. [PubMed: 30242379]

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Hughley BB, Schmalbach CE. Cutaneous Head and Neck Malignancies inbound the Elderly. Clin Geriatr Med. 2018 May;34(2):245-258. [PubMed: 29661336]

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Disclosure: Brianna McDaniel declares negative relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Talel Badri declares no related treasury relations equal ineligible businesses.

Disclosure: Robert Steele declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.